फाेटाेसप सन् १९७८ मा अमेरिकी भाइ थाेमस र जोन कनोलले  विकास गरेका थिए । जसले १९८८ मा एडोब (adobe) सिस्टम्स इन्कर्पोरेटेडमा वितरण लाइसेन्स बेचेका थिए । मूल रूपमा फाेटाेसप लोकप्रिय डिजाइन सफ्टवेयर एडोब इलस्ट्रेटरको उपसेटको रूपमा थाेमस र जोन कनोलले सङ्कलन गरेका थिए । थाेमस र जोन कनोलले यसमा थप सफलता पाउनका लागि प्रोग्राम रन गर्न सन् १९९० को प्रारम्भमा पिसीहरूको क्षमताहरूबारे थप अनुसन्धानतर्फ लागेका थिए । फाेटाेसपका लागि पिसीहरूको भण्डारण भएको भन्दा धेरै कम्प्युटर मेमोरी चाहिन्छ ।  यद्यपि विभिन्न चुनाैतीका बिचमा सफ्टवेयरले राम्रो बिक्री गरी आम्दानी  पनि गर्‍यो । 
फाेटाेसप हाल विविध क्षेत्रमा उपयाेगी बन्दै गइरहेकाे छ । प्रकाशन, वेब डिजाइन, औषधी, चलचित्र, विज्ञापन, इन्जिनियरिङसहित उद्योगहरूका लागिसमेत उपयाेगी बन्दै गइरहेकाे छ। सन् १९९५ मा एडोबले नोल भाइहरूबाट फोटोसप $ ३४.५  मिलियन डलरमा खरिद  गर्‍यो । यसपछि कम्प्युटरमा थप सुधार भएको डिजिटल फोटोग्राफी टेक्नोलोजीको फोटोसपको माग बढ्यो । साेहीअनुसारकाे फोटोग्राफीकाे उत्पादन पनि भयाे । याे प्रोग्रामले निकै सफलता प्राप्त  गर्‍यो ।
सन् २००३ मा एडोबले फोटोसपलाई उनीहरूको एडोब क्रिएटिभ सुटमा समावेश गर्‍यो । जसले इलस्ट्रेटर इन डिजाइन  र एक्रोब्याटको साथमा कार्यक्रमलाई थप अगाडि बढाउँदै गयाे। अर्को वर्ष यसले याे प्राेगामकाे नाम फोटोसप सिएस राख्यो । यसले यसका प्रयोगकर्ताहरूलाई उनीहरूको डिजिटल आकृतिहरूमा नियन्त्रण गर्ने काम गर्छ । जस्तै नन्डेस्ट्रक्टिभ सम्पादनले प्रयोगकर्तालाई मूल तस्वीरलाई परिवर्तन नगरेरै वैकल्पिक सम्पादन र परीक्षण गर्न अनुमति दिन्छ। 
यसरी सन् १९७८ बाट विकसित भइ प्रयाेगमा आएकाे फोटोसप अहिले लाखाैँ मानिसकाे प्रयाेगमा आइरहेकाे छ । धेरै मानिसकाे राेजगारीकाे माध्यम पनि बनेकाे छ । अहिले सञ्चारकाे द्रुत विकास भइरहेकाे अवस्थामा यसकाे प्रयाेग पनि दिनानुदिन बढ्दाे छ ।

An acid attack is a type of assault in which the perpetrator throws a corrosive substance such as acid on someone else to injure, damage, or disfigure them. Acid attacks have been a very big problem all over the world recently. There are a lot of acid attacks happening in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and other countries in Asia. According to Acid Survivors Foundation International (ASFI) statistics, there are an estimated 1,500 acid attacks every year around the world. In Afghanistan alone, in 2009-2010 there were 1,050 cases of women burned with acid. Acid attacks are often seen as a form of revenge from people who do not want to commit murder.
If you've ever come in contact with acid, you know how much it burns. Well, imagine if someone sprayed acid on your face or threw a bottle of it at your chest. This is what an acid attack feels like, and is usually intentionally inflicted by one person on another to take revenge or punish them for something. The victim often suffers from blinding pain and terrifying disfigurement along with mental trauma that can last a lifetime. Society doesn't understand people who survive acid attacks, they consider them to be very brave and amazingly strong. Society fails to realize that there's a lot of suffering that goes along with this, and many individuals don't survive the horrific event. They are burned, disfigured, and scarred for life but have nothing to show for their bravery other than having scars they can't escape from. They will never know what it's like to have to be careful every time someone turns their head. As they walk, they'll wonder was that person looking at them? No one sees the glory in this struggle. No one knows how hard it is to try and blend in with the crowd while being different. There's a light inside of them that keeps pushing, but they can't stop it from coming out because people give them a bad reputation and tell them they're not good enough no matter what they do.
Attackers use acid as a weapon, leaving their victims with life-long physical and emotional scars. Acid attacks are not just random acts of violence. They are usually premeditated revenge attacks, where the attacker often knows their victim personally. An acid attack is not only a violent attack, it is an assault on the person’s identity. It disfigures the victim, rendering them handicapped in their emotions and feelings. It's a horror you can't imagine for yourself or anyone else. The survivors, most of whom are women who were targeted by a man, suffer for the rest of their lives. 
Acid assaults were historically rare in Nepal, but they appear to have become more regular in recent years. Since 2016, 18 women and 4 males have been assaulted, according to the police, although a greater number of persons have been treated at clinics, implying that many more cases go unreported. The Nepalese government has enacted several regulations. The maximum penalty has been raised, and individuals buying acid must show identification and be registered on a database, according to new rules approved by President Bidya Bhandari.
The administration has taken the appropriate steps, but more should be done. Regulations governing acid sales must be effectively enforced. More help and services should be offered to women who are afraid of stalkers and guys who threaten them with acid attacks. Acid attacks must be stopped. Strict action must be taken against it. To reduce such violence, steps should be taken to ensure that the laws are effectively implemented.

संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ एक अन्तराष्ट्रिय संस्था हो । यसको स्थापना २४ अक्टोबर १९४५ मा भएको हो । यसमा हाल १९३ राष्ट्रहरू सदस्य छन् । विश्वका धेरैजसो देशहरू यसका सदस्यहरू राष्ट्रहरू छन् । सबै सदस्य राष्ट्रहरूलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानुन, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा, आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक निष्पक्षतामा आपसी सहयोग मिलोस भन्ने उद्देश्यसाथ संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको स्थापना भएको हाे । याे थुप्रै राष्ट्रहरूलाई जोड़ने एक सङ्गठन हो । 

पहिलो विश्वयुद्ध र दाेस्राे विश्वयुद्ध जस्ताे अर्को युद्ध नआओस र सबै राष्ट्रहरूबिच बलियो  र विश्वासिलाे सम्बन्ध हाे‌ओस् भन्ने यसकाे मान्यता रहेकाे छ । विश्वमा विभिन्न देशहरूबिच झैझगडा, युद्ध, कोलाहल, र अशान्ति आदि नभएको अवस्था नै विश्वशान्ति हो । विश्वशान्तिको  चाहना आजकाे प्रमुख आवश्यकता पनि  हाे । खासगरी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सङ्घर्षमा हस्तक्षेप गर्न सहज होस भनी दाेस्राे विश्वयुद्धका विजयी राष्ट्रहरू मिलेर यसको स्थापना भएको हो ।  यसका प्रमुख उद्देश्यहरू यसप्रकार छन् :

: अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय शान्ति र सुरक्षा कायम राख्ने।

: जनताको समान अधिकार र आत्मनिर्णयको सिद्धान्तको सम्मानको आधारमा राष्ट्रहरूबीच मैत्रीपूर्ण सम्बन्धको विकास गर्ने।

: आर्थिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक वा विश्वकल्याणकारी प्रकृतिका अन्तराष्ट्रिय समस्याहरूको समाधान गर्नमा तथा जाति, लिङ्ग, भाषा वा धर्मसम्बन्धी भेदभाव नराखी सबैका लागि मानवअधिकारहरू एवं मौलिक स्वतन्त्रताहरूप्रतिको सम्मानलाई बढावा दिनमा र प्रोत्साहित पार्नमा सहयोग प्राप्त गर्ने।

: यी उद्देश्यहरू प्राप्त गर्न सदस्य राष्ट्रहरूको काम कार्यबाहीमा सामञ्जस्यता ल्याउन संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घलाई केन्द्र बनाउने

दाेस्राे विश्वयुद्धको समाप्तिसँगसँगै नै संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ  जस्तै एक शान्ति सङ्गगठनको खाँचो थियो । विश्वका थुप्रै देशहरूबिचको सम्बन्ध राम्रो थिएन । सबैतिर अशान्ति नै अशान्ति थियो । त्यति बेला धेरै देशका मानिसहरूले चारैतिर फैलिएको अशान्ति हटाउन आफूले जति सक्दो प्रयास गरिरहेका थिए भने कुनै कुनै राष्ट्रहरू युद्धकै तरखरमा थिए । थुप्रै राष्ट्रहरूले एकअर्कासँगको सम्बन्ध सुधारी सकेका थिए । त्यही सहयोगी दलका नेतृत्वहरूले लन्डनमा संयुक्त बैठक गरे र 'London declaration' भन्ने घोषणा पत्र जारी गरे । यो घोषणा १२ जून, १९४१ मा जारी गरिएको थियो । यस घोषणा पत्रकाे मुख्य उद्देश्य भनेकै युद्धको अन्त्य र विश्वशान्तिकाे कामना थियो । त्यसपछि जनवरी १, १९४२ मा २६ राष्ट्रका प्रतिनिधिहरूले 'Declaration of United nations' मा हस्ताक्षर गरे । बिस्तारै अरू  देशहरू पनि संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको सदस्यमा आबद्ध हुँदै गए । यसरी संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घकाे   स्थापना भएको थियो । सन् १९४७ मा संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभाले २४ अक्टोबरलाई संयुक्त राष्ट्र दिवसका रूपमा मनाउने निर्णय गरेकाे थियाे  र हरेक वर्ष २४  अक्टोबरमा याे दिवस मनाउँदै आइएकाे छ ।

यसका ६ स्थायी सदस्य राष्ट्रहरूमा संयुक्त अधिराज्य, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, फ्रान्स, रसिया, र चीन हुन् भने अस्थायी सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू १० ओटा रहेका छन् । प्रत्येक वर्ष अस्थायी सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू परिवर्तन भइरहन्छन् । संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ स्थापना हुँदा ५० राष्ट्र मात्र संलग्न थिए भने हाल यसमा १९३ राष्ट्रहरू संलग्न छन् ।

Cannibalism is the practice of eating the flesh of the same kind. For example if a dog eats another dog that is cannibalism. Cannibalism exists among many species on earth. Cannibalism may be bad and disgusting among us humans but it is surprisingly common in the animal kingdom as there are lots of  benefits of eating your own kind. It is very nutritious for your body and has many other benefits. Cannibalism is disgusting among us humans. We feel like vomiting when we even think or hear about it and it really is disgusting eating your own kind.

There are still cases of human cannibalism. Human cannibalism simply means humans eating humans. Although most people are not cannibal (A person who practices cannibalism) there are some people who still practice cannibalism. But usually Cannibal people are very rare to find. Usually they can be of old tribes etc. But human cannibalism is very very rare in this era. People would rather eat other animals than eating a human. Also, human cannibalism is against the law of every country. There are many other species that do cannibalism. spiders, hippopotamuses, apes etc are some species that do cannibalism. 
  
Scientists have found out that if a human eats the brain of any other human then it can actually affect you with a disease called “Kuku” which is a brain disease that is similar to mad cow disease. There is also a concept of self-cannibalism. Self cannibalism is basically the act or practice of eating your own flesh. People actually practice self cannibalism. But cannibalism is quite common among rattlesnakes because they may eat their young ones. A snake may eat their young ones if the mother and the babies are near each other for a long time or if they are housed together. Snakes also do self cannibalism but without knowing they are doing it. The snakes mey smell the odor or the smell of their prey in their own body and then they start eating themselves. 

Dogs also practice cannibalism. Although it is very very rare in dogs, female dogs of any breed or of any mixed breed can cannibalize their puppies. Sometimes dogs have a desire to consume their own kind. This behaviour is called coprophagy. Only thinking about it gives me goosebumps. Cannibal people should be taken to a rehab centre as immediately as possible because eating your own kind is not a good thing. In fact it's disgusting but although it is common in the animal kingdom we humans are superior to other animals, we have feelings,we know what is wrong and what is right. So we should never practice cannibalism.

Cannibalism really is a very strange practice. Humans used to cannibalise in ancient times which is 600,000 years ago. It is very surprising that people are still practicing human cannibalism even after so many years. We really don’t know and understand why humans practice cannibalism or why any other species cannibalism. It can be because of hunger or any other possible reason. But practicing cannibalism is disgusting and we should never practice it. Because everyone deserves and has the right to live every species deserves to live that is why we are born. And taking others' life to fulfill our needs is a wrong thing, it is a disgusting thing. That means we are going against the rule of nature. Cannibalism is a bad practice and we humans should never practice it.
  

आधुनिक भन्छन् आजकालका मानिसलाई
ड्याड भन्छन् अचेल आफ्ना बाबालाई ,,
जुत्ता लाउँछन् चार फिटको पाइन्ट छ फिटको
नेपाली बोल्न आउँदैन कुरा ऱ्याप गीतकाे ।
कपाल पार्छन् ठाडो ठाडो दुम्सी कॉडा जस्तो
लौ हेर्नुस् त हजुर जमाना आयो कस्तो,
अलि भयो कि कतै केटा लाचार
छैन उनीहरूमा मानवताको विचार ।

हिँडडुल खाने लाउने छैन ढङ्ग
जे गर्दा बिगार हुन्छ त्यसमै छन् दङ्ग,
आँखामा चस्मा कस्तो नमिलेको जुत्ता
उत्तरलाई दक्षिण भन्छन् यता भने उता ।

अल्लारे ठिटाठिटीहरूको छैन चाला राम्रो
संसारको वास्ता छैन आफैंलाई हिरो ठान्छन् ,
नखाने चिज खान थाले खाने चिज छोडे
नदेखाउने देखाइसके यिनले अति गरे ।

Girls should not be sent to school, they are not allowed to go outside, they should be at home! But why? If boys can go to school then why not girls? And if boys are allowed to go out freely then why not girls? If boys can work then why can't girls? Why are only the girls supposed to sacrifice the dreams and wishes for their family? Boys are allowed to pursue their dreams but not girls? And the reason is just that they are girls? In many of the places of our country, Nepal, the situation is so. Girls and boys are treated very differently. Gender inequality is still practiced in our country. Gender inequality simply means to discriminate people based on their sex. It is the unequal treatment that is done between men, women and people of the third sex. In different places of our country, especially in the rural areas, gender discrimination is very common. Daughters are taken as a burden, and are not treated as well as a son is. Still today, many people wish to have a son rather than a daughter, this is also called “son preference”. I don't understand why people think a daughter is a burden. Many people think that girls are someone who has to go to someone else's house after they are grown up and so there is no point in letting them study, their investments in their daughter is a waste. It's a culture of our society that when a girl grows up, she has to leave the house of her parents and go to live in someone else's house and they are someone else's responsibility. She never belongs to her house nor to her “partner’s” house. A girl has to face so many problems in life. Girls can do everything boys can but they are never given a chance because they are girls. And according to these kinds of people they think boys are always higher, better than girls. But this is actually not true if a girl wants she can do every work a boy does. Although nowadays in some places gender discrimination is not followed, boys and girls both are given equal opportunity but somewhere this society still treats women lower then men. Somehow this society still doesn't accept the fact that men and women both are equal. It's true, men and women both are equal, and should be equally treated as well. Women and men both should be given equal opportunities and respect. Every woman deserves equal respect as a man. Women are very strong and they are treated as Goodness. I believe that women are stronger than men because they have more responsibility. She is pressured into taking up more responsibility. Although all the sexes have their own difficulties and hardships they have to face but because of the patriarchal mindset of the society, women are more burdened.

 विषय प्रवेश
“अमेरिका” उपन्यास लेखिका गङ्गा लिगलद्वारा लिखित एक उत्कृष्ट उपन्यास हो । गङ्गालिगल एक सशक्त नारी हस्ताक्षरको रूपमा साहित्य जगतमा देखा परेकी छन् । अमेरिका उपन्यास उनका प्रकाशित कृतिहरूमध्ये पन्ध्रौँ स्थानमा पर्छ । अमेरिका उपन्यास उनको उत्कृष्ट रचना हो । अमेरिका उपन्यास वि. सं. २०७० मा भानु द्विशतवार्षिकी महोत्सवको अवसरमा प्रकाशित भएको पाइन्छ । यस उपन्यासमा जम्मा ७६ पृष्ठ रहेका छन् र उपन्यास भने १५ खण्डमा विभाजित छ। 

कथावस्तु
उपन्यास पाल्पा जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम तानसेन नगरीको प्राकृतिक सुन्दरताको वर्णनबाट सुरु भएको छ । उपन्यास गुल्मीका शुभम र रामपुरकी सुहानाले आफ्नो पढाइ पूरा गर्दै गरेको समयमा माया साटासाट गरेको र त्यसपछिको उनीहरूको जीवनयात्रामा केन्द्रित  छ । उपन्यास पढ्दा लेखिकाले आफ्ना जीवनदर्शनका धारणालाई उपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत गर्न अनुमान लगाउन सकिन्छ । शुभम र सुहानाको माता पितालाई उनीहरूको प्रेम सम्बन्ध  थाहा भएपछि, उपन्यासमा जात, पातको पनि कुरा उठेकाे छ तर त्यसले उनीहरूको सम्बन्धमा कुनै बाधा आउँदैन । शुभमले काठमाडौँमा पढाइ पूरा गर्छ र सुहानाले कलेजमा पढाउन थाल्छे। कथामा सबै कुरा सही भएको त कसैलाई पनि मन पर्दैन होला, त्यसैले शुभमले अमेरिकाको भिसा पाएको कुराले कथावस्तुलाई चाखलाग्दो बनाउँछ । शुभम अमेरिका जान्छ र पढाइ पूरा गरेर, पैसा कमाएर सुहानासँग विवाह गर्न नेपाल फर्कन्छ। अन्तरजातीय विवाह गर्न नहुने भए पनि आआफ्ना मातापितालाई फकाएर, दुवै परिवारमा मेलमिलाप हुन्छ । विहेको तयारी गर्दा शुभम गाडी दुर्घटनामा परेपछि २ महिना अस्पतालमा बिताउनु परेपछि बिहेमा बाधा आउँछ। बिहेमा शुभमको दुर्घटनादेखि लिएर केल्ली ब्राउन भन्ने केटीले शुभामसँगको प्रेममा केही बाधा पुराउँछे । तर पनि बिहे सम्पन्न हुन्छ । 
केल्ली शुभमकी अमेरिका सँगै पढ्दाकी साथी हाे । ऊ एकाेहाेराे शुभमलाई मन पराउँथी । शुभम भने उसलाई साथीकाे रूपमा मात्र हेर्थ्याे । विवाहपछि केल्लीले शुभमलाई अमेरिकामा गोली हान्छे । तर शुभम बाँच्छ र सुहाना पनि अमेरिका आउँछे। सुहानाले अमेरिकामा एक संस्था खोलेर नेपाली भाषा अमेरिकामा बसाेबास गर्ने नेपालीलाई सिकाउँछिन् । उनीहरूकी एक छोरी जन्मिएपछि बुवा आमालाई अमेरिका बोलाउँछन् । जब केल्लीले दाेस्राे पटक शुभममाथि गोली चलाउँछे तब सुहानाले पुलिसलाई बोलाएर ज्यान बचाउँछे । सुहानाले नेपाली भाषा र संस्कृतिकाे जगेर्ना गर्ने उद्देश्य सफल हुन्छ । 
शुभमलाई नेपालमा आफ्नाे भाइकाे व्यवसाय डुब्न थालेपछि पारिवारिक तनाव बढ्दै जान्छ । अमेरिकामा आफूले राम्राे आर्थिक लाभ गरे पनि घरपरिवारकाे तनावले ऊ खुसी हुन सक्दैन । एक दिन मन बहलाउन सबै परिवार घुम्न जाने क्रममा पछाडिबाट गाडीले ठक्कर दिएपछि  उपन्यासकाे कथानक सकिएकाे छ । 

उपन्यासमा रहेका पात्रहरू एक मध्यम वर्गीय सामान्य परिवारमा हुने सदस्यहरु जस्तै छन् । प्राय जसो सबै पात्रहरुका सोचविचार र आचरणहरू हामीले आफ्नै समाजमा देखी आएका बानी व्यवहार जस्तै छ । दुवैको परिवार एकदमै जान्नेबुझ्ने छन् । जात नमिले पनि उनीहरूले सुभम र सुहानको माया स्वीकारे र विवाह पनि गरिदिए । 

सुहाना: कथामा सुहाना प्रमुख पात्रका रूपमा आएकी छिन् । नेपालको संस्कृतिलाई संरक्षण  गर्नुपर्छ भन्ने धारणा भएकी सुहाना अनूकुल पात्र हुन् भन्न सकिन्छ । उनले अमेरिका र नेपालको सम्बन्ध पनि राम्रो बनाउने सोच राखेकी थिइन् । सुहाना असल र मिहिनेती छिन् र आफ्नो सोचलाई सार्थक बनाउन उनले धेरै मेहेनत गरिन् । सुहाना पहिलेदेखि नै असल पात्र थिइन् त्यसैले उनी एक गतिशील  पात्रको रूपमा यस उपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत भएकी छन् ।  

शुभम: उपन्यासमा सुभम पनि प्रमुख पात्रका रूपमा उपस्थित छन् । शुभम एउटा मिहिनेती र पढेलेखेको केटा हो । उसले सधैँ आफ्नो खुसीभन्दा अगाडि आफ्नो परिवारको ख्याल राख्थ्यो र त्यसै कारणले ऊ विदेश गएर काम गर्न थाल्छ । सुभमलाई पनि अनूकुल र गतिशील पात्र हो । 

सुभमकी आमा: यस उपन्यासमा सासु र बुहारीको सम्बन्ध प्राय जसो नेपाली ग्रामीण समाजको जस्तो तीतो छैन । सुहाना र शुभमकी आमाको सम्बन्ध पनि निकै राम्रो रहेको छ । शुभमकी आमाले आफ्नी बुहारीलाई एकदमै मनपराउँछिन् र सुहानालाई आफ्नै छोरी जसरी माया गर्छिन् । उनी पनि एक अनूकुल र गतिशील पात्रको रूपमा उपन्यासमा स्थापित छिन् । 

केल्ली: मेरो विचारमा केल्ली भन्ने पात्र यस उपन्यासकी एक मात्र प्रतिकूल पात्रको रुपमा उपस्थित भएकी छ । केल्लीले शुभम र सुहानालाई गोली हानेर र हमला गरेर राम्रो काम गरेकी छैन  । उसको सोच शुभम प्रति राम्रो छैन । उसले एउटा सुन्दर र सुखी परिवारको जीवनमा बाधा ल्याउन खोजेकी छ  । उसको नियत पहिलेदेखि नै राम्रो नभएका कारण ऊ उपन्यासमा एक स्थिर र खराब पात्र हो ।
परिवेश
उपन्यासमा नेपालको गुल्मी, रामपुर,पाल्पा,काठमाडौँदेखि अमेरिकाको क्यालिलिफोर्निया, न्युयोर्क, वासिङ्टन डिसी, पार्क, र मन्दिरहरूजस्ता ठाउँहरूको परिवेश प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ। यस उपन्यासकाे परिवेश व्यापक रहेकाे छ ।
भाषाशैली
अमेरिका उपन्यासको भाषाशैली पनि सरल छ । लेखिकाले धेरै ठाउँमा नेपाली शब्दकाे प्रयाेग नगरी  अङ्ग्रेजी शब्दहरूको प्रयाेग गरेकी छन्  ।  त्यसकारण धेरै युवा पाठकहरूलाई यस किताबले आकर्षित गरेको छ । सरल शब्दमा लेखेकाे  छोटो उपन्यासले धेरै पाठककाे  मन जितेकाे  छ । 
निष्कर्ष
उपन्यासमा युवायुवातीहरूबिच हुने शारीरिक आकर्षण र प्रेम सम्बन्ध, एउटी नारीले गर्नुपरेकाे सङ्घर्ष, नेपाली समाजले देख्न नसक्ने अन्तर जातीय विवाह र त्यसपछिका विविध पारिवारिक घटना क्रमलाई देखाउन खाेजेकाे छ । विदेशमा बसे पनि स्वदेशप्रतिकाे माया, भाषा र संस्कृतिलाई बचाइराख्नुपर्छ भन्ने कुरा यहाँ देखाइएकाे छ । समग्रमा उपन्यास स्वदेश र विदेशको सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, धार्मिक, पारिवारिक, तथा प्राकृतिक सुन्दरताको जीवन्त चित्रण  गर्न सक्षम भएकाे छ ।  उपन्यास छोटो र मिठो छ र पढ्न निकै रोमाञ्चक रहेको छ।

Education in Nepal was based on home schooling and gurukuls in which pupils would learn either in their home or with gurus. Before Nepal was declared a democratic country we had no access to formal education. The first formal school was Durbar High School; it was established by Jung Bahadur Rana in 1853. Ranas did not let other people study because they were afraid that people would revolte. After all the people started going to school the girls were not allowed to go to the school because people thought that they should learn to do home chores and not to read at school. Now the girls also go to school.bThere are now 35,222 elementary and secondary schools and 10 universities with more than 1,400 colleges and campuses in Nepal. Dharmendra Pradhan is the current education minister of Nepal. There are many teachers in Nepal. There are many nice teachers that want kids to understand and use the things they taught in the future. But there are some teachers that only teach for money, don't give full effort, they teach less things in class and give lots of work that may cause depression, give traumatizing punishments for small things, hold prejudices against groups of students etc. Some days the bags are very heavy. Nepal adult literacy rate is 24.6% below the global average. 90% of the education is theoretical with minuscule scope for practical learning and research on the part of the pupils. There is no space for creative learning and thinking and students are always bound to a specific syllabus and are not really encouraged to go out and about their needs. Before people used to study at home but as the time went it developed . Now people study online, due to the pandemic.

Some advantages of online classes they are given below:
You have a direct pipeline to the instructor via email, you can get your questions answered directly. Many students aren’t comfortable asking questions in class for fear of feeling stupid. Many times you think of a question after class or while you are studying. Rather than trying to remember to ask it or forgetting it, you can send an email to the instructor. Having that spark of interest and knowing how to find information online ensures that what you're learning is always available to you.

Some disadvantages of online classes are given below:
An Internet-based course demands that you develop personal time- management skills. Sometimes, it means making difficult choices. It is a sink or swim proposition and you can’t have it both ways. If you desire to become a responsible, self-sufficient, independently minded citizen of this planet, now is the time to start. Life is not a dress rehearsal. Get busy with it.In my opinion, it’s a much better situation for the student. By the time a student enters a community college, they want to be independent. They don't want someone telling them what to do all the time. They want their freedom.

विनाशविनाको विकास नै दिगो विकास हो । दिगो विकास पर्यावरण संरक्षणमा केन्द्रित छ । यसले स्रोत र साधनहरूको दिगो व्यवस्थापनमा मद्दत गर्दछ । वर्तमानको आवश्यकता सम्झौता नगरिकन भावी पुस्ताको आवश्यकता पूर्ति गर्दै जानु दिगो विकास हो । दिगो विकासले त्यस्तो विकासलाई जनाउँदछ जुन वातावरण र विकासबिच सन्तुलन कायम गर्दछ, निरन्तर लाभ प्रदान गर्दछ र पृथ्वीको असर क्षमताको ख्याल राख्छ । वातावरण संरक्षणका लागि दिगो विकास महत्त्वपूर्ण मानिन्छ । दिगो विकासको ध्येय पृथ्वीका स्रोत साधन विनाश नगरी आर्थिक र सामाजिक विकास गर्नु हो ।यसको अर्काे लक्ष्य भनेकाे गरिबी घटाउने प्रक्रियालाई द्रुत तुल्याउनु पनि हो । यसले नागरिक र उसका क्रमिक पीढीलाई आजीविकाका आधारभूत माध्यम मात्र नभई  उनीहरूको जीवनको सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र पारिस्थितिक पक्षमा अवसर पनि प्रदान गर्छ । दिगो विकासले उच्च र फराकिलो आर्थिक वृद्धि हासिल गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ । यसले भावी पुस्ताको लागि उज्ज्वल भविष्य सुनिश्चित गर्नसमेत मद्दत गर्दछ । दिगो विकासका  उद्देश्य:

गरिबी निवारणमा सहयोग पुर्‍याउन
वातावरणको प्रभावकारी संरक्षण गर्न
संसाधन र साधन सावधानीपूर्वक प्रयोग गर्न
सामाजिक न्याय कायम गर्न
मानव विकास र प्रगति हासिल गर्न

 दिगो विकास सम्पूर्ण जीवित मानिसहरूको कल्याणमा केन्द्रित हुन्छ । विकास निर्माणमा वातावरण प्रतिकूल कार्य गरिए विकासबाट आशा गरिएका लक्ष्यसम्म पुग्न कठिन हुन्छ । यसमा स्रोत र साधनको उचित प्रयोग हुने भएकाले वातावरण संरक्षण र संवर्धनमा सहयोग पुग्छ । यसले प्राकृतिक स्रोत र पशुपन्छी सम्बन्धमा हाम्रो दृष्टिकोणमा परिवर्तन आउने हुनाले यसले मानिसको दृष्टिकोणमासमेत परिवर्तन ल्याई  दायित्वबोध गराउँछ ।

The country situated in the foothills of the Himalayas between China and India, the history of Nepal is different from other countries in the region. Nepal remained as an independent country even when the other southern countries were under foreign rule. In various scriptures and Puranas, Nepal is described as a very ancient land. The mountains and hills that were formed about 130 million years ago, are now the attraction of animals. In Butwal in western Nepal, human remains found in the area make it clear that human habitation started in Nepal more than 10 million years ago. The first mention of the name Nepal is found in the Atharva Appendix. Although the exact date of the Atharva Appendix cannot be determined, it is believed to have been built between 500-600 BC. This also proves how old Nepal is and it's history too. In it, Nepal has been discussed with Kamru, Bideha Udumbar, Avanti (ancient countries) and many other countries. Nepal is also discussed in the original Buddhist writing/test known as "Sarvastivada", "Vinayak Vastu''. 

It brings up the incident of Lord Buddha coming to Nepal with traders at the time of Lord Buddha. In the Mahabharata forest festival, Nepal is described as a country too. The Jain scriptures also mention Nepal in the essential formulas and the economics of Kautilya (which happened in the 4th century BC). Similarly, the Indian Gupta empire Samudragupta in the Allahabad records, Assam and Kirtipur mention Nepal as a neighboring state, while almost all up- coming sources refer to Nepal as an independent state. In the inscriptions of Nepal, The word Nepal is mentioned in the records found after 522 B.S. Thus, it is clear that this country has been known as Nepal since a very ancient time. Nepal was called Satyavati in Satya Yuga (periods), Tapovan in Treta Yuga and Mukti Sopan in Dwapar Yuga and Nepal in Kali Yuga. This is mentioned in our mythological texts. Ancient sculptures, architectures, and many other arts prove that the habitation in Nepal was present more than 9000 years ago. This shows that people who were probably of Kirant caste lived here about 1000 years ago.

The Kiranti are a tribe of wild and hill people who came from Central Asia, India and the Himalayas. There are unconfirmed histories that there were kingdoms of other castes like Gopal and Mahishpal in this country even before the Kirant period but due to lack of clear evidence, the time before the beginning of Kirant period is not considered as authentic history. King Yalambar of this period is considered to be the first Kiranti king. From 400 to 750 AD, Kathmandu, the current capital of Nepal, was ruled by the Licchavis. According to Kautilya's economics and travelogues of Chinese travelers, some brave men who come from Vaishali chased away kirants and established the Licchavi Dynasty. This period was also called the golden era of Nepali history because this period in Nepal had vast developments throughout the country. The first king of this period was King Mandev.

हरेक मानिसमा हुनुपर्ने
सबै मानिसमा हुनुपर्ने,
विद्यार्थी या मजदुर नै किन नहोस्,
हुनुपर्ने सबैमा अनुशासन नै अनुशासन

मानिसको हरेक काममा
आनुशासन नै चाहिने,
विद्यार्थीको हरेक चालमा
अनुशासन नै महत्त्वपूर्ण हुने,

सबै मानिसको सफलतामा
अनुशासनको साथ छ,
विद्यार्थीको मान पछाडि
अनुशासन विराजमान छ ।

अनुशासनको साथविना गर्न सकिँदैन काम
अनुशासित भएर नै चलेको छ सृष्टि
अनुशासन नै हाम्रो जीवनको साथी
पालन गरौँ यसलाई पुराउँछ माथि

Human beings are the reason for the destruction of mother Earth. We are the reason the quality of the environment is decreasing day by day. We are not the only ones who are living in this ecosystem. There are many animals who call it home. And for a few decades we are destroying their homes. There are many species of animals who have already gone extinct. But today we are going to talk about the 10 rarest endangered species of animals. 

South China Tiger
Around the 1950s The South China Tiger was around 4,000 in population. But over the few decades they were considered pests. Because they were called pests  The South China Tiger was hunted and killed by humans. Around 1979 the Chinese government decided to ban hunting. By 1996, they were considered as  30 to 80 left in the wild. As of today it has not been seen in  the wild over 27 years. But it doesn't mean that they are extinct all together. 
 
Sumatran Rhinos
You may have seen the Rhinos with horns and without fur. But Sumatran Rhinos are a bit different from other Rhinos; they are the only asian Rhinos covered with furs and have two horns. There are only around 230 to 295  left in the wild. They are a rare animal. It is the smallest Rhino in the Rhino family.They live in isolated pockets of forest in Indonesia and Malaysia. 

Saola
This endangered species is so rare that It was not discovered until 1992. It is also known as “Asian Unicorn” because it is rarely seen on an endangered mammal list. It is rarely seen in the forest. Their population is threatened by hunting and growing human development which is decreasing the quality of the environment. 

Amur Leopard
There are only about 100 Amur Leopards left in the world. They are one of the most rare and endangered species in the large cat family. They can weigh up to 120 pounds and can leap over 19feet in the air. The Amur Leopard can be found in the River basin in Eastern Russia. This wild cat faces many problems for survival such as climate change,hunting, poaching and human encroachment. 

Addax
Addax is also known as White Antelope or screw horn antelope which are nearly extinct in the wild. The horn of adult male and female Addax can reach up to 2.5 feet or to 4 feet long. There are 2000 Addax around  the world. Private farms and zoos are doing their best to save this species. Addax has lost population in the wild due to Chinese oil installations in  Northern Africa whose guards hunt them. 

Pygmy Three Toed Sloth
It is hard to believe that the world's most beloved animal Sloth is considered an endangered species. This breed of sloth is found in a small island near Panama where there are only 50 left in the wild.  The island does not have any human inhabitants but the species are still affected by poaching. The Pygmy Three Toed Sloth is considered as a “Master Of Escape”. The Pygmy Three Toed Sloth is listed as number 16 in the world's 100 most unique and imperiled mammals.