सर्वप्रथम त उद्यमशीलतालाई सरल भाषामा नयाँ व्यापार वा व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो, जसमा खतरा लिएर त्यसबाट फाइदा उठाउने मुख्य लक्ष्य हुन्छ । उद्यमशीलता भनेको केही कामको सुरुवात गरी त्यसबाट आउने फाइदा वा घाटालाई स्विकार्दै काम सिक्नको लागि अघि पर्नु हो ।
उद्यमशीलता सञ्चालन गर्ने व्यक्तिहरूलाई उद्यमी भनिन्छ । उद्यमशीलताको सबै प्रक्रिया गर्ने र काम सफलता पूर्ण गर्ने भनेको नै उद्यमीले नै हो । सबै खतरा र फाइदा उठाउने भनेको नै उद्यमी नै हो ।
उद्यमशीलता रोजगारीको सिर्जना गर्ने एक मुख्य स्रोत पनि हो । यदि एउटा उद्यमीले उद्यमशीलताको सुरुवात गर्छ भने उसले कामको लागि ठुलो सोच राखेकाे हुन्छ । ठुलो सोचेको भएकाले उसलाई काम गर्नको लागि अरु मद्दत गर्ने हातहरूको पनि आवश्यकता हुन्छ किनभने ऊ एक्लैले गर्ने सक्ने काम भने उद्यमशीलता होइन । यसबाट थुप्रै मद्दत गर्ने हातहरूको आवश्यक भएकाले उसले ती मदत गर्ने हातहरूलाई रोजगारी प्रदान गर्छ । ती कला भएका, सिप भएका तर स्रोत नभएका दक्ष जनशक्तिले रोजगारी पाउँछन् ।
रोजगारी पाइसकेपछि तीन ओटा मुख्य समस्याको समाधान हुन्छ । पहिलो त दक्ष जनशक्ति अर्थात् युवाहरू विदेसिनु पर्दैन किनकि उनीहरूले आफ्नो कला र सिप देखाउने ठाउँ पाउँछन् । दोश्रो उनीहरूको लागि एउटा अर्थको स्रोतको सिर्जना हुन्छ । तेश्रो सबै युवाहरूले रोजगारी देशमा नै पाएपछि कोही पनि विदेसिनु परेन र आफैलेले अर्थको व्यवस्था गर्न सक्ने भइसकेपछि देशमा पनि अर्थको कमी हुँदैन । देशको आर्थिक स्थितिमा सुधार आउँछ । यसरी आर्थिक संमृद्धिकाे आधार उद्यमशीलता बन्छ ।
उद्यमशीलताले उद्यमीहरूलाई रचनात्मक र फरक शैलीको जीवन बाच्न सिकाउँछ। उद्यमशीलताबाट उद्यमीहरूले सिक्ने कुराहरू र ज्ञानहरूबाट उनीहरूको सोच्ने तरिका र जीवनलाई हेर्ने शैलीमा परिवर्तन आउँछ। उद्यमशीलताबाट सामाजिक परिवर्तन पनि हुन्छ। उद्यमशीलताको ज्ञान समाजमा सबैले पाएपछि सबै यस बारे ज्ञात हुन्छन् र समाजमा पनि यसले परिवर्तन ल्याउँछ । उद्यमशीलताले हाम्रो देशको आर्थिक स्थिति सुधारेर विकास निम्त्याउँछ र जसले गर्दा हामी विश्वको उद्यमशीलताको बजारमा प्रतिस्पर्धा पनि गर्न अरुसँग पनि सक्छौँ । उद्यमशीलताले कुनै पनि ज्ञान वा सिपलाई खेर जान पनि दिँदैन। उद्यमशीलता एउटा सानो कुरा नभई ठुलो प्लेटफर्म भएकाले गर्दा भिन्नभिन्न पृष्ठभूमिबाट आएका मनिसहरूले उद्यमशीलताको सिर्जना गर्छन् त्यसैले कुनै पनि सिप खेर जाँदैन । कुनै न कुनै बाटो आफै खुल्छ किनकि यसमा पनि विविधता हुन्छ । उद्यमशीलताबाट प्रोत्साहित भएर धेरै बेरोजगार भएर बसेका मनिसहरू पनि यसमा संलग्न हुन खोज्छन् जसले गर्दा उनीहरूको सिप र श्रम खेर जाँदैन ।
अन्ततः उद्यमशीलता गर्नु सजिलो छैन । जसले पायाे त्यसैले गएर उद्यमशीलता गर्छु भनेर पनि हुँदैन। यसको लागि कडा मेहेनत र परिश्रमको पनि उत्तिकै आवश्यकता पर्छ । साथै पुँजीकाे पनि उत्तिकै आवश्यकता पर्दछ । यसको लागि फरक प्रकारले साेच्ने तरिका हुनुपर्छ । फाइदा उठाउने मात्र सोच राखेर हुँदैन घाटा र खतरालाई पनि सम्हाल्न सक्नु पनि पर्दछ । यदि उद्यमशीलता गर्नका लागि हुनु पर्ने सबै गुण त्यो मानिससँग छ भने त ऊ अवस्य नै सफल हुन्छ । निस्कर्ष भन्नुपर्दा आर्थिक समृद्धिकाे आधार भनेको नै अहिलेको आधुनिक दुनियाँमा उद्यमशीलता नै हो ।
Introduction:
It can be impossible to describe the vast and dynamic nature of the universe, emphasizing the central role of galaxies as fundamental components. Within these galaxies, there lie supermassive black holes that reside at their cores, and in certain cases, these black holes turn into Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). AGN are characterized by their various consumption of matter. There exists a specific type of AGN known as quasars, which are intensely bright cores located in the distant parts of the universe. Quasars are highlighted as extreme examples of AGN. They are incredibly luminous. They are beacons that offer a different perspective into the early stages of the universe, which provide valuable insights into the processes that have influenced its creation and evolution over time.
Quasars, also known as quasi-stellar radio sources, are very significant in the context of active galactic nuclei. Quasars are described as sources of intense brilliance that originate from the central supermassive black hole in active galaxies. The process involves the black hole consuming large amounts of matter, leading to the formation of a swirling accretion disk. This disk becomes a battleground for massive clouds of material, experiencing strong gravitational forces that result in collisions and rapid orbital movements.
When things collide and move fast in the disk around the black hole in a quasar, it gets very hot. This heat makes the disk shine much brighter than entire galaxies. The gas clouds in the disk zoom around really fast, from 10% to over 80% of the speed of light. Studying quasars gives astronomers a special chance to learn about the early universe. Quasars are like faraway lights that have traveled a very long way, showing us a bit of the important cosmic events that happened in the ancient times of our universe.
The Galactic Center:
Quasars become bright lights when a bunch of gas gathers around a giant black hole in the middle of a galaxy. This can happen early in the universe when streams of material flow into the galaxy through cosmic pathways called filaments. Later on, quasars might also light up when galaxies crash into each other or come very close, making strong gravitational forces. As the gas falls into the black hole, it releases a significant amount of energy. This process makes the quasar shine incredibly bright.
Formation of Quasars (Supermassive Blackholes):
When a large amount of gas gathers around a Black Hole, Quasars are formed. This can happen early in the universe when streams of stuff flow into the galaxy through pathways called filaments. Sometimes, quasars light up later when galaxies bump into each other or get very close, creating strong gravitational forces. When the gas falls into the black hole, it lets out a ton of energy, making the quasar shine really bright. One can picturize galaxies as busy cities in space; when they collide or get close, it's like a spark that turns on quasars. Scientists study these events to understand how the universe changes over a really long time, and quasars help tell the incredible story of the cosmos.
Quasars are super bright lights in space. They form when a lot of gas gathers around a big black hole in the middle of a galaxy. This can happen in the early times of the universe when streams of material flow into the galaxy through cosmic pathways called filaments. Quasars can turn on later when galaxies crash into each other or come really close, making powerful gravitational forces. When the gas falls into the black hole, it lets out a lot of energy, making the quasar shine super bright.
Think of galaxies like big cities in space. Sometimes, these cities crash into each other or get close, and that's when quasars turn on. It's like a big spark when things collide. Studying these events helps scientists understand how the universe changes over a really long time. So, quasars act like cosmic flashlights, showing us the incredible story of the universe.
Feedback From Quasars:
There's a fascinating thing called "feedback." This happens when quasars give off strong radiation, creating powerful outflows of ionized gas, like space winds. These outflows affect their home galaxies in both helpful and troublesome ways. They can start huge starbursts by pushing gas clouds together, but on the flip side, they might stop star-making by kicking out or heating up interstellar gas. This cosmic dance can have long-lasting effects, sometimes hitting pause on a galaxy's star-making time for different lengths. It shows how quasars and their galaxies have a detailed and powerful connection.
Feedback exposes the way quasars influence their galactic homes This dance begins at the moment quasars emit incredibly strong radiation causing significant cosmic events in their home galaxies. One key part of this feedback is the formation of powerful outflows, in which ionized gas flies away from the quasar, sort of like the solar wind only much bigger. The flows of these outflows, reddening and heating the gases while driving the grains as they go through the galaxy, affect in both good and bad ways on how stars form. They can induce enormous starbursts by compressing gas clouds, nevertheless, they can also prevent star-generation by expelling or heating interstellar gas. The consequences of quasar feedback go beyond a very localized one, sometimes putting off star formation by different measures. It displays the way those celestial encounters have consequential implications.
Therefore, the connection between quasars and their galaxies, seen in the feedback process, reveals powerful forces shaping the cosmos. The impact of quasar-driven outflows demonstrates a balance, influencing both the start and stop of star formation in galaxies. In this continuous interaction, the lasting effects of quasar feedback play a crucial role in deciding the fate of galaxies, sometimes causing a temporary pause in their star-forming activity. This ongoing partnership between galaxies and quasars highlights the ever changing and influential dynamics of these interactions across the vast expanse of the universe.
Spectrum of AGN:
AGN spin a vast spectrum, emitting diverse energy levels. Positioned near the extreme high end of this spectrum, quasars stand out, yet they represent just one facet of AGN diversity. The brilliance of quasars results from their near face-on orientation to us. When viewed precisely head-on, they transform into blazars, where the relativistic jet appears brighter and seemingly 'blazing.' Some more interesting among blazars are "BL Lac" objects, displaying dramatic brightness variations and a spectrum lacking distinct spectral lines.
Seyfert galaxies, another AGN category, possess an accretion disk but lack a prominent jet, exhibiting weaker activity than quasars. Seyferts are divided into Type I and Type II, representing the same object viewed from different angles. Type I Seyferts, seen face-on, display two strong sets of spectral lines, broad and narrow, whereas Type II Seyferts, observed edge-on, lack pronounced broad emission lines due to a thick torus of dust blocking some emissions.
In contrast to quasars and blazars, Low Ionization Nuclear Emission-line Regions (LINERs) showcase weak AGN activity, with some potentially lacking an accretion disk. Furthermore, all AGN fall into two categories: radio-loud and radio-quiet galaxies regardless of their specific type. For instance, some quasars like 3C 273 emit lots of radio waves, while others remain radio-quiet.
Thus, the comprehensive understanding of AGN reveals a rich tapestry of celestial phenomena, each contributing uniquely to our comprehension of the dynamic forces at play within galaxies.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Quasars act as the brightest lighthouses across the cosmos, thus making it the only way to observe the early universe. They are born from the energetic activity from around the supermassive black holes during the process of merging of galaxies; hence exposing the intricate interplay between such massive cosmic structures. Quasars among other sources like blazars and Seyfert galaxies contribute to the our study of AGN diversity.
The feedback mechanism, where quasars emit a potent energy, is very essential in the exertion of galaxies. Energetic starburst feedback drives galaxy star formation, illustrating a dynamic evolutionary process.
विज्ञान भनेको विशिष्ट ज्ञान हो, जुन विचार, अवलोकन र अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त गरिन्छ । प्रविधि भनेको कुनै पनि औजार वा सामग्रीको प्रयोग गरि कुनै पनि कार्यलाई अझ सरल बनाउने ज्ञान हो । हामी सबैलाई थाहा नै होला । आजको युग भनेको विज्ञान र प्रविधिको युग हो । आजको जीवन विज्ञान र प्रविधिबिना अपुरो बन्न पुगेको छ ।
सन् १९१० को दशन यता विश्वमा सूचना तथा सञ्चार र प्रविधिको युग सुरु भएको मनिन्छ । आजको पुस्ताको अधिकांश समय मोबाइल, ल्यापटप र कम्प्युटर कै स्क्रिनमा बितेको पाइन्छ साथै अहिलेका अधिकांश युवाहरूको प्राय सबै काम इन्टरनेटबाट नै हुन्छ । प्रविधिका करण घन्टौँ लाग्ने काम एकछिन् मै हुन्छ ।
फेसबुक, ट्विटर, युट्युब, इन्स्टाग्राम आदि आजको युगको प्रविधि र विज्ञानले विकास गरेको वर्तमानका नमुना हुन् । संसारको जुनसुकै कुनामा घटेको घटना हामी घरबाहिर पनि ननिस्किन सजिलै थाहा पाउन सक्छौँ । विज्ञान र प्रविधिले सञ्चार र यातायातमा पनि धेरै विकास र परिवर्तन ल्याएको छ ।
१० वर्ष आगाडि नेपालको अवस्था हेर्ने हो भने, नेपालमा सञ्चार, यातायात, प्रविधिकाे विकास भने भएको थिएन । सञ्चारको उदाहरण लिने हो भने पदेसिएका छोराछाेरीको सन्चो बिसन्चो थाहा पाउन पनि महिनौ कुर्नुपर्थ्यो। एक छाक खानामा चाहिने नुन किन्न घन्टौँ पैदल यात्रा गर्नु पर्थ्यो । अहिले त्यस्तो कहाँ छ र ! सहरमा मात्र नभई गाउँघरतिर पनि प्रविधिको विकास भएको छ ।
यातायात र सञ्चार सुबिधा बाहेक प्रविधिको सकारात्मक प्रभाव शिक्षामा पनि परेको छ । आजकल अधिकांश विद्यालयले स्मार्ट बोर्ड, प्रोजेक्टर लगायत अन्य प्रविधि प्रयोग गरी शिक्षा प्रधान गरिरहेका छन् । यसको मध्यमबाट पढ्दा र पढाउँदा शिक्षक र विद्यार्थी दुबैलाई सजिलो पनि भएको छ । विद्यार्थीलाई पढ्नलाई पनि इन्टरनेटमार्फत कुनै पनि कुराको जानकारी प्राप्त गर्न सहज भइरहेको छ ।
कोरोनको समयको उदाहरण लिने हो भने त्यतिबेला सबै विद्यालय बन्द हुँदा विद्यार्थीहरूले आफ्नो पढाइलाई अनलाइन कक्षाद्वारा निरन्तरता दिन पाएका थिए । यो सबै प्रविधि र विकास कै कारण सम्भव भएको हो ।
You are my sunshine, bright and warm,
The love you give is my heart's norm.
With every smile, you light my day,
Chasing all the clouds away.
In your embrace, I find my peace,
Every worry seems to cease.
Your love is constant, pure, and true,
My sunshine, I belong to you.
You bring hope with every ray,
Guiding me through the darkest day.
Your touch, your warmth, it fills my soul,
In your light, I am whole.
Together we dance in the light,
Every moment feels so right.
My sunshine, my guiding star,
With you, I’ve traveled far.
You are the dawn that starts my morn,
The glowing warmth for which I'm born.
Without you, my world is dim,
With you, life’s joy is brimmed.
Stay with me, shine forever,
In your love, I find my tether.
My sunshine, my love, my friend,
With you, my heart will never end.
युवा रोजगारी विश्वव्यापी रूपमा महत्त्वपूर्ण छ । बढ्दो जनसङ्ख्याका कारण कुनै पनि देशले रोजगारीका अवसरहरू सुनिश्चित गर्नु आवश्यक छ । हुन त आर्थिक परिवर्तन र प्रविधिजस्ता कारकहरूले युवा रोजगारीको गतिशीलतालाई प्रभाव पार्छन् । बेरोजगारीले गरिबीजस्ता सामाजिक समस्याहरू निम्त्याउँछ । त्याे मेसाेमा युवाहरू पनि प्रभावित हुन्छन् नै । युवाहरूलाई सशक्तीकरण गर्नु पनि आजकाे आवश्यकता हाे । युवाहरू विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूमा महत्त्वपूर्ण व्यक्तित्व हुन् । तिनीहरूले भविष्यमा नयाँ नयाँ क्षेत्रकाे प्रतिनिधित्व गर्छन् । तिनीहरूको ऊर्जा र सोचले उनीहरूलाई आर्थिक चालक बनाउँछ । युवाहरू सकारात्मक सामाजिक विकासमा अग्रसर भएर न्यायपूर्ण भविष्यलाई आकार दिन सक्षम छन् ।
युवा र रोजगारीबीचको सम्बन्धले व्यक्ति र समाजलाई व्यापक रूपमा प्रभाव पार्छ । युवाहरूले रोजगारीमार्फत स्वतन्त्रता र सिपको खोजी गर्छन् । आर्थिक मन्दीले युवा बेरोजगारीलाई पनि प्रभाव पार्छ नै । दीर्घकालीन सम्भावनाहरूलाई नकारात्मक असर पार्छ । समाधानका लागि शैक्षिक सुधार, रोजगारी सृजना पहल र सहयोगी नीतिहरू चाहिन्छ । व्यावसायिक तालिम, र प्रशिक्षार्थीहरूले प्रभावकारी रूपमा शिक्षा-रोजगारीका खाडलहरू पूरा गर्छन् । युवा रोजगारीमा लगानीले सामाजिक सम्भाव्यता खोल्छ र सबैको लागि समृद्धिलाई बढावा दिन्छ । युवाहरूले रोजगारीलाई स्वतन्त्रता, आत्मनिर्भरता र व्यक्तिगत वृद्धिको प्रवेशद्वारको रूपमा हेर्छन् ।
विद्यालयहरूले कम्पनीहरूले खोजिरहेका सीपहरू विद्यार्थीहरूलाई सिकाउन मद्दत गर्न सक्छन् र विद्यार्थीहरूलाई अभ्यास गर्ने मौका दिन सक्छन् । सरकारले व्यवसायहरूमा थप युवाहरूलाई भर्ती गर्न मद्दत गर्न कार्यक्रमहरू सिर्जना गर्न सक्छ । हामी युवाहरूलाई सल्लाहकारहरूसँग मिलाउन र उनीहरूलाई सफल हुन आवश्यक अनुभव दिन प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमहरू गर्न सक्छौँ । सँगै काम गरेर, हामी युवाहरूलाई उज्ज्वल भविष्य निर्माण गर्ने अवसर सुनिश्चित गर्न सक्छौँ ।
युवाहरूले रोजगारी प्राप्त गर्न विभिन्न चुनौतीहरूको सामना गर्छन् । युवाहरूको लागि राम्रो जागिर खोज्न गाह्रो हुन सक्छ । अपर्याप्त शिक्षा मापदण्डका कारण धेरैले आफ्नो योग्यता र अवसरहरू सीमित गर्दा कठिनाइहरूको सामना गर्छन् । विद्यालयहरूलाई विद्यालय कहिलेकाहीँ कम्पनीहरूले खोजिरहेका सीपहरू सिकाउँदैनन्, जसले गर्दा युवाहरूलाई जागिरको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्न गाह्रो हुन्छ । तिनीहरूले काम भेट्टाए पनि यसले प्राय: राम्रो तिर्दैन र प्रगति गर्नको लागि राम्रो मौकाहरू प्रदान गर्दैन । जब तिनीहरूले काम खोज्छन्, तिनीहरू प्रायः कम तलबमा काम गर्न बाध्य हुन्छन् । यसबाहेक धेरै युवाहरूले अनिश्चित रोजगारी परिस्थितिहरूको सामना गर्छन् । यी व्यवस्थाहरूले आर्थिक सुरक्षालाई कमजोर बनाउँछ र भविष्यका सम्भावनाहरूलाई सीमित गर्दछ । यस्ता अवरोधहरूले ब्रेन ड्रेन भनिने घटनाहरू नै दाेहाेर्याउँछन् । प्रतिभाशाली युवाहरू अवसरकाे खाेजीमा विदेसिन्छ । त्यसकाे प्रत्यक्ष असर आफ्नाे समुदायलाई नै पर्न जान्छ । यसलाई रोक्न, देशले युवाहरूका लागि विशेष याेजना ल्याउँन आवश्यक छ । यी चुनौतीहरूलाई सम्बोधन गर्न शिक्षाको स्तर सुधार गर्न, दिगो रोजगारीका अवसरहरू सिर्जना गर्न र स्थानीय प्रतिभालाई कायम राख अनुकूल वातावरण बनाउन व्यापक याेजनाकाे आवश्यकता देखिन्छ ।
अन्त्यमा युवाका चाहाना, आकाङ्क्षा र उनीहरूकाे मनाेविज्ञानकाे अध्ययन गरी आभागी १५/२० वर्षकाे याेजना बुन्न अनि आवश्यक छ । शिक्षामा लगानी गरी सिपमूलक ज्ञान आजकाे आवश्यकता हाे । अनि मात्र आगामी पुस्ताहरूका लागि थप समावेशी र समृद्ध समाज पनि निर्माण गछौँ ।
Title of the movie: Gran Turismo
Release date: August 25, 2023
Directed by: Neill Blomkamp
Genre: Biographical Sports
Screenplay: Jason Hall, Zach Baylin
Cast: Archie Madekwe as Jann Mardenborough, David Harbour as Jack Salter, Orlando Bloom as Danny Moore, Darren Barnet as Matty Davis, Geri Halliwell-Horner as Lesley Mardenborough, Djimon Hounsou as Steve Mardenborough, Takehiro Hira as Kazunori Yamauchi, Josha Stradowski as Nicholas Capa, Daniel Puig as Coby Mardenborough, Maeve Courtier-Lilley as Audrey, Thomas Kretschmann as Patrice Capa, Richard Cambridge as Felix, Emelia Hartford as Leah Vega, Pepe Barroso as Antonio Cruz, Sang Heon Lee as Joo-Hwan Lee, Max Mundt as Klaus Hoffman, Mariano González as Henry Evas, Harki Bhambra as Avi Bhatt, Lindsay Pattison as Chloe McCormick, Théo Christine as Marcel Durand, Niall McShea as Federik Schulin, Jamie Kenna as Jack Man Jones and Nikhil Parmar as Persol.
Summary
Gran Turismo is a biographical sports film from 2023 by Neill Blomkamp, starring Archie Madekwe, Orlando Bloom, David Harbour, and Djimon Hounsou.The movie begins with a SIM racer's rise to become a professional racing driver and Jann Mardenborough achieved it all after winning the Nissan GT Academy competition in Britain. The movie is inspiring, thrilling, and action-packed. It goes on to show that nothing is impossible if we are motivated from inside.
The film takes viewers through the rise of the streets of East London to the top in racing. He went through poverty, discrimination, and the loss of a loved one. He, however, becomes fixed with his dream of becoming a racing driver. It is actually a well-made inspiring movie.
The direction by Blomkamp is sharp, and all the performances are brilliant. Madekwe acquits himself well as Mardenborough, capturing much of his determination and charisma. The movie's racing sequences are also awesomely shot and edited. Otherwise, the movie would not be perfect. It treads on a pretty predictable script, and the movie does take some of the overused terms of the sport genre. The movie further resides on Mardenborough's gaming abilities that might deviate the interest of some viewers who do not know about the Gran Turismo video game series. Among the things which I liked was the line by Jack, "That crash won't define who you are but how you respond to it will." Our setbacks and failures do not have to determine who we are as people. It is our response to these challenges that molds our character and defines our resilience. It is us who determines whether we are victims or survivors. This then is what we should remember all the time, more so in times of confusion. It is, of course, easy sometimes to be shocked by setbacks but equally important is the fact that we are bigger than our failures. What choices we have is in how we respond to them and in coming out stronger on the other side. It depends on people what they show rather than what they actually are. Witnessing people makes others think they are something but actually the people can be their true self and pretend to be other self. People can change themselves and they get known for their response towards the change.
All in all, Gran Turismo is a beautiful and enjoyable movie. It's an inspiring and well-told story with some really excellent racing sequences and the edits. However, the movie's predictability and cliches might turn some people off.
गुरु पूर्णिमा, हाम्रा गुरुहरूलाई सम्मान गर्ने विशेष दिन !
हाम्रो दिमागलाई आकार दिने र हामीलाई हाम्रो सपनाहरूतर्फ डोऱ्याउने काम गुरुको प्रेरणा र हाैसलाले दिन्छ । गुरु ताराहरू हुन्, जसले हाम्रो मार्गलाई उज्यालो पार्छन् । हामीलाई चुनौतीहरू पार गर्न र हाम्रो पूर्ण क्षमतामा बल दिन मद्दत गर्छन् । गुरु हाम्रा दोस्रो अभिभावक पनि हुन् ।
किताबहरू पढाएर मात्र होइन, जीवनको पाठ पढाएर पनि । हामीलाई बढ्न र सिक्न मद्दत गुरुले नै गर्छन् । हामीलाई धेरै कुराहरू सिकाउँछन् ।
गुरुहरू गुरु मात्र होइनन् । हाम्रा सल्लाहकार, साथीहरू र कहिलेकाहीँ दोस्रो आमाबाबु पनि हुन् । गुरुले हामीलाई विषयहरू मात्र होइन अनुशासन, आदर र दया जस्ता महत्त्वपूर्ण जीवनका पाठहरू पनि सिकाउँछन् । गुरुहरूले हामीलाई ठूलो सपना देख्न र हाम्रो लक्ष्यहरू प्राप्त गर्न कडा परिश्रम गर्न प्रेरित गर्छन् ।
एउटा बगैँचा कल्पना गर्नुहोस् । मलले बिरुवालाई ठूलो र बलियो बनाउन मद्दत गर्दछ । गुरुहरू हाम्रो दिमागको मल जस्तै हुन् । गुरुहरूले हाम्रो दिमागमा राम्रो विचार र विचारहरू रोप्छन् ।
उहाँहरूले हाम्रो दिमागलाई ज्ञानको पानी दिन्छन् र हाम्रो दिमागलाई ठूलो र सुन्दर बनाउन मद्दत गर्छन् । असल गुरुबाट जीवनभर सिक्ने जोश जगाउन सक्छ । उहाँहरूले सहयोगी वातावरण सिर्जना गर्नुहुन्छ, जहाँ विद्यार्थीहरूले आफ्नो जिज्ञासा पत्ता लगाउन र प्रश्नहरू सोध्न सहज महसुस गर्छन्, हाम्रो सफलता हासिल गराउँछन् र हामीलाई हाम्रा गल्तीहरूबाट सिक्न मद्दत गर्छन् ।
गुरु गुरु मात्र होइनन् । उहाँहरू हाम्रा साथी पनि हुन् । गुरुहरूले हाम्रा समस्याहरू सुन्छन् र हामीलाई राम्रो सल्लाह दिन्छन् । हामीले राम्रो गर्दा हामीलाई खुशी दिन्छन् र हामीले गल्ती गर्दा हामीलाई मद्दत गर्छन् । गुरुहरू सधैं हामीलाई समर्थन बनाउन चाहन्छन् । गुरुहरूको कारणले गर्दा हामी पढ्न, लेख्न सिक्छौं । हामी इतिहास, विज्ञान, र अन्य सुन्दर विषयहरू बारे जान्दछौं ।
सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण कुरा, गुरुहरूले हामीलाई असल मान्छे बन्न पनि सिकाउँछन् । गुरुहरूले हामीलाई दयालु, इमानदार र सहयोगी हुन सिकाउँछन् ।
गुरुहरू धेरै मेहनत गर्छन् । पाठको योजना र हाम्रो काम जाँच गर्न लामो घण्टा खर्च गर्दछन् । हामीसँग कुरा गर्न र हाम्रा समस्याहरू समाधान गर्न मद्दत गर्न पनि समय बिताउँछन् । उहाँहरूले गर्ने सबैको लागि हामी आभारी हुनुपर्छ ।
गुरु पूर्णिमामा हाम्रो जीवनलाई जीवन बनाउन अभिप्रेरित गरिरहने सबै गुरुहरूप्रति कृतज्ञता व्यक्त गरौं । उहाँहरूको समर्पण, धैर्यता र हामीमाथिको अटल विश्वासको लागि धन्यवाद दिऔं । उहाँहरूलाई उपहार, कार्डहरू वा केवल हाम्रो हृदयदेखि प्रशंसा व्यक्त गरेर विशेष महसुस गराऔँ।
हाम्रा गुरुहरूप्रति हाम्रो कदर र सम्मान देखाएर हरेक दिनलाई गुरु पूर्णिमा बनाऔं । हामी आज भएका मानिसहरूमा हामीलाई आकार दिनको लागि गुरुको भूमिका धेरै छ । वहाँप्रति हामी कृतज्ञ हुनै पर्छ । गुरुहरू हामीलाई मार्गदर्शन गर्ने ताराहरू जस्तै हुन् । गुरुहरूले हामीलाई सफल र खुसी हुने बाटो देखाउँछन् । हाम्रा गुरुहरूले हाम्रो लागि गरेको सबै कुराको लागि सधैं सम्झनुपर्छ र धन्यवाद दिनुपर्छ ।
In our hectic lives, it's easy to miss the beauty in the simple moments of others. Yet, taking time to notice the simple things can bring out meaningful stories and connections that deepen our understanding of people.
When we pause to observe, we find happiness in the smallest details of people’s lives like the laughter between people, someone walking alone with a cup of coffee with music playing through their headphones. These tiny things of their life tell stories of happiness and sorrow. These everyday scenes have layers of meaning, each telling a unique story of one's life.
As one walks through the busy streets, seeing a mother wrapping her child in a tight hug, friends sharing genuine laughter that fills the air with happiness, elderly couples supporting each other in every step, and friends humming together to the song they love warms the heart. These moments remind us that beauty still exists in our daily lives.
In the world when time appears to fly quickly, taking the time to appreciate these small things can lead to deeper feelings of connection and comfort. They are powerful reminders that, despite the problems in our lives, these small moments of compassion and connection can brighten our mood and give our lives a meaning.
खेलकुद विद्यार्थीको वृद्धि र विकासको महत्वपूर्ण भाग हो । यसले मानसिक स्वास्थ्य र शारीरिक विकासमा मद्दत गर्दछ । खेलकुद र खेलहरूमा सहभागिताको माध्यमबाट, विद्यार्थीले विभिन्न सिप, अनुभव र आत्मविश्वास प्राप्त गर्दछन्, जसले उनीहरूको व्यक्तित्व विकासमा मद्दत गर्दछ ।
खेलकुद र खेलको मुख्य फाइदाहरूमध्ये एक विद्यार्थीको शारीरिक र मानसिक स्वास्थ्यलाई बढावा दिनु हो । खेलहरू टोलीहरू बीच स्वस्थ प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक वातावरणमा खेलिन्छ, जसले विद्यार्थी सक्रिय र तन्दुरुस्त रहन्छ भन्ने सुनिश्चित गर्दछ । फुटबल, क्रिकेट, टेनिस, पौडी, दौडजस्ता बाहिर खेलिने खेलहरूले शरीर र दिमागलाई सक्रिय र व्यस्त राख्छन् । चेस, ब्याडमिन्टन र टेबलटेनिस जस्ता घरभित्र नै लेख्न सकिने खेलहरूले विद्यार्थीको एकाग्रतामा वृद्धि गर्दछ । यसले शरीरको प्रतिरक्षा प्रणालीलाई पनि बलियो बनाउँछ र उनीहरूलाई ऊर्जा दिन्छ । खेलकुदले शारीरिक र मानसिक स्वास्थ्यको विकासमा मात्र मद्दत गर्दैन, यसले विद्यार्थीको व्यक्तित्व विकास पनि गर्छ । खेलकुदले पनि सामाजिक सीप विकास गर्न र मानिसहरूसँग मिल्न मद्दत गर्दछ । समूहमा मिलेर काम गर्ने, आफूभन्दा ठुलालाई आदर सम्मान गर्ने, सानालाई स्नेह र माया दिने गुणहरू पनि खेलकुदले गर्दछ । प्रत्येक खेलमा पालना गर्नुपर्ने नियमहरू हुन्छन्, जसले विद्यार्थीहरूलाई फिट र अनुशासित रहन मद्दत गर्दछ । खेलकुद भनेको सामूहिक कार्य पनि हाे । फुटबल, क्रिकेट, बास्केटबल जस्ता खेलहरूलाई पछिल्लाे समयमा सबैका लागि रूचिका विषय बन्न थालेका छन् । यस्ता खेलहरूले बालबालिकाहरूलाई आफ्नो प्रतिभा प्रदर्शन गर्न र टोलीका सदस्यहरूसँग कुराकानी गर्न प्रोत्साहन दिन्छ ।
खेलकुद सधैं जित्ने कुरा होइन । यो निष्पक्ष खेल र समानता र न्यायमा विश्वास गर्ने बारे हो । कसरी हारलाई स्वीकार गर्ने, जीतमा संयमता नगुमाउने जस्ता संवेगकाे व्यस्थापनमा पनि खेलकुद महत्त्वपूर्ण हुन्छ ।
अन्त्यमा खेलकुदको परिवर्तनकारी शक्ति मानव अस्तित्वसँगै बुनेको छ। शारीरिक र मानसिक स्वास्थ्यदेखि सामाजिक गतिशीलता, शिक्षा र आर्थिक समृद्धिसम्म खेलकुदले सकारात्मक परिवर्तनको माध्यमको रूपमा काम गर्छ। यति मात्र नभएर देशकाे गाैरव नि खेल र खेलसँग जाेडिएका खेलाडी बन्न सक्छन् र कयाैँ देशमा बनेका पनि छन् ।
The internet indisputably is in every sphere of our life, changing the way we connect to each other, study, and travel. With the internet, we are able to keep in touch with people all around the globe, access a deluge of information at our fingertips, and watch sundry entertainment by clicking a few buttons. That really changed the concept of sharing knowledge and communicating; a whole new world of opportunities opened up. Even though every powerful tool still has its drawbacks and peculiar problems, the same is the case with the internet. We are living in an age where the internet has become an integral part of our daily life, affecting our ability to socialize, collaborate, find information, and even see outside from within. Social networking, messaging apps, and video conferencing have brought in the revolution of communication that has removed the barrier of distance, hence giving way to real-time connections. Global connectivity develops a feeling that we are all intertwined.
The effect of the internet has been much more than anything else. It has completely changed the mode through which we acquire information. Websites like Google facilitate answers for all our questions quickly. We have options for learning many new things and even seeing things from other people's perspectives. Similarly, online courses are now at the click of a button; this is reviewing education systems and opening new business opportunities too. Moreover, entertainment has become so easily accessible through video streaming services and online gaming. On the dark side, technology has privacy issues, cyberbullying, and other forms of negative communication on the web, such as fake news. Anyway, it is a huge source of information that gives knowledge to all and provides people with the means to learn for themselves on various subjects. The need for curbing fake news and disinformation has arisen as managements of veritable data from a volume of information can be tricky. It becomes a space where cultures can interact, yet different voices are expressed in cyberspace while social movements find support through online activism. In the case of algorithms making personalized content, cultural homogenization or digital echo chambers become a problem. The 'revolutionary' effect of the internet is not easy and is found to be burdened by its due share of problems, including loss of privacy, digital addiction, and cybersecurity risks. Our culture and society have undergone huge transformations, which came with the aid of the internet. Not only did the manner in which entertainment was consumed change completely with the likes of YouTube and streaming services like Netflix, offering innumerable options for movies, television series, and videos, but so did the entire system. We can track our favorite artists, find new music, and even design our own pieces. Online communities should not go unmentioned either. The internet has managed to bring us closer than we have ever been before—be it through fandoms, interest groups, or support groups. We could gain friends with those who share our major interests and tell stories of making one feel a part.
Therefore, the big impact is that it actually changed our way of doing business. Online marketplaces, alongside other e-commerce websites like Amazon, give us the capability to buy almost everything online. You can say it's like an online store right at your fingertips! Moreover, the internet has allowed small business enterprises to reach out to a global audience. It's all hustle on the internet.
वातावरणीय प्रदूषण भन्नाले वातावरणमा पाइने हानिकारक पदार्थ हो । यसले वातावरणलाई नकारात्मक रूपमा परिवर्तन गर्छ । प्रदूषण भन्नाले मानव गतिविधिबाट वातावरणमा हानिकारक पदार्थहरू जस्तै फोहोर फाल्ने वा कारखानाहरूबाट बग्ने हो । यी प्रदूषणहरूले हावा, पानीलाई क्षति पुर्याउँछन् । प्रदूषण एक विश्वव्यापी समस्या हो । गाउँको तुलनामा सहरी क्षेत्र बढी प्रदूषित छ ।
वायु प्रदूषण, जल प्रदूषण र भूमि प्रदूषण तीन प्रमुख प्रकारका प्रदूषण हुन् । वायु प्रदूषण देखिने वा नदेखिने हुन सक्छ । यसले जस्तै आँखामा क्षति, सास फेर्न गाह्रो, र फोक्सोको क्यान्सर जस्ता स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरू ल्याउन सक्छ । ज्वालामुखी विष्फोटले पनि वायु प्रदूषण बढाउन सक्छ । प्रदूषित पानी पिउनका लागि असुरक्षित छ । जल प्रदूषणको प्राकृतिक स्रोत मानव गतिविधि हो। मानिसले पानीमा फोहोर फाल्दा पानी फोहोर र प्रदूषित हुन्छ । तेही प्रदूषित पानीको माछा खाँदा हामी बिरामी हुन्छौं । यो सबै मानव गतिविधिहरू को कारण हो । कृषि क्षेत्रको प्रदूषण, र फोहोरले भूमि प्रदूषणमा योगदान पुर्याउँछ । कागज, डिब्बा, गिलासको भाँडो, प्लाष्टिकका सामानहरू सहितको फोहोरले बिरुवा र जनावरहरूलाई हानि पुऱ्याउन सक्छ ।
वातावरणीय समस्याहरू वातावरणमा मानव गतिविधिहरूको हानिकारक प्रभावहरू हुन् । जसमा प्रदूषण, अत्यधिक जनसङ्ख्या, फोहोरको विसर्जन, जलवायु परिवर्तन, ग्लोबल वार्मिङ, र हरितगृह प्रभाव समावेश छ । वायु प्रदूषण उद्योग र अटोमोबाइलले गर्दा पृथ्वीको तापक्रम बढ्छ र रोगको जोखिम बढ्छ । वातावरणलाई हानी नगरी फोहोरमैलाको व्यवस्थापन गर्न महत्त्वपूर्ण छ । वन फँडानी भनेको रुख र जङ्गलको विनाश हो । यसले पृथ्वीको जलवायुमा ठूलो परिवर्तन ल्याउने र जैविक विविधतालाई असर गर्छ । वातावरणीय प्रदूषणले पारिस्थितिक प्रणाली, मानव स्वास्थ्य, अर्थतन्त्र, र समग्र जीवनको गुणस्तरलाई असर गर्ने विभिन्न समस्याहरू खडा गर्छ । तिनीहरू वायु प्रदूषण हुन्: यसले श्वासप्रश्वाससम्बन्धी रोगहरू ल्याउँछ र ग्लोबल वार्मिङ ल्याउँछ । जल प्रदूषण: यसले जलीय पारिस्थितिक प्रणालीलाई असर गर्छ र मानवमा पानीजन्य रोगहरू ल्याउन सक्छ । माटो प्रदूषण: यसले कृषि उत्पादनलाई असर गर्छ, र मानव स्वास्थ्यमा समस्या ल्याउँछ ।
ध्वनि प्रदूषण: यसले पारिस्थितिक प्रणालीमा बाधा पुर्याउँछ, वन्यजन्तुलाई बाधा पुर्याउँछ र मानव स्वास्थ्यमा हानिकारक प्रभाव पार्छ । जैविक विविधताको प्रदूषणले वासस्थानको विनाश र पतनमा योगदान पुर्याउँछ । प्रजाति विविधताको यो हानिले पारिस्थितिक प्रणालीलाई हानि पुर्याउन सक्छ, वातावरणीय परिवर्तनहरूमा लचिलोपन घटाउन सक्छ । स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू: प्रदूषण श्वासप्रश्वाससम्बन्धी रोगहरू, क्यान्सर, न्यूरोलोजिकल विकारहरू, र प्रजनन समस्याहरू सहित विभिन्न स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूसँग जोडिएको छ । बालबालिका र वृद्धवृद्धालाई यस्तो रोग लाग्ने सम्भावना धेरै हुन्छ ।
वातावरणीय प्रदूषण रोक्न सबै व्यक्ति, समुदाय, सरकार एक हुन आवश्यक छ । घटाउनुहोस्, पुन: प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्: यसले हाम्रो वातावरणमा विभिन्न फोहोरहरूको पुन: प्रयोगलाई प्रोत्साहन दिन्छ । यसले हामीलाई प्लास्टिक र प्लास्टिकका सामानहरू कम प्रयोग गर्न पनि भन्छ। यदि हामीले प्लाष्टिकका सामानहरू प्रयोग गर्छौं भने हामीले त्यसलाई फ्याँक्नु हुँदैन बरु पुनः प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ । हामीले मानिसहरूलाई सार्वजनिक यातायात, हिड्ने, साइकल चलाउन र विद्युतीय सवारी साधनको प्रयोग गर्न प्रोत्साहित गर्नुपर्छ। यदि हामीले तिनीहरूलाई प्रयोग गर्यौं भने यसले ध्वनि र जल प्रदूषण कम गर्न मद्दत गर्नेछ । हामीले इकोसिस्टमको संरक्षण र पुनर्स्थापना गर्नुपर्छ। हामीले जैविक विविधता बढाउन, हावा र पानीको गुणस्तर सुधार गर्न, प्रदूषण कम गर्न रूखहरू रोप्नुपर्छ।
यसो गरेर हामी वातावरणीय प्रदूषण कम गर्न काम गर्न सक्छौं । जसले वर्तमान र भावी पुस्ताका लागि स्वस्थ ग्रह बनाउँछ । एक व्यक्तिले वातावरण सफा गर्न सक्दैन । उनीहरूलाई वातावरणीय प्रदूषण कम गर्न धेरै मानिसहरूको सहयोग चाहिन्छ । स्वस्थ वातावरण भनेको हामी स्वस्थ रहन्छौँ । यदि हामीले आजैबाट सुरु गर्यौं र सबै मानिसको सहभागिता हो भने हाम्रो पृथ्वीमा क्रमबद्ध अवधिमा प्रदूषण कम हुने छ । हामीले प्लाष्टिकको प्रयोग बन्द गर्नुपर्छ र हामीले थप रूखहरू रोप्नुपर्छ ।
Introduction
A black hole is where nothing is certain and where our understanding of physics starts to break down. A black hole is formed when a star implodes in a supernova explosion which is caused due to the influence of gravity. This is the definition of a normal black hole. But primordial black holes are quite different. A primordial black hole is formed with the Big Bang itself. A primordial black hole is smaller than other black holes and they are not formed by the same method from which a normal black hole is formed.
The primordial black hole could have a mass of as small as 10 to the power minus five grams. Ten to the power minus five grams is the planck mass. The mass of a primordial black hole is similar to the mass of a neuron which is 10^-6. But primordial black holes can have a range of masses, from a golf ball to the mass of a million times of our sun.
Understanding a primordial black hole
Primordial black holes were formed long before any planets or stars were formed in the universe. The primordial black hole existed since the start of the universe and it was first created after the Big Bang. Theorists say that primordial black holes popped into existence because, after the creation of the universe, space was not completely the same at every point. Some areas became denser and hotter in comparison to other areas and had the chance to get collapsed into black holes.
There is only a small frame of time after the Big Bang that primordial black holes could be created. Primordial black holes could have masses as low as 10 power minus seven ounces, or 100,000 times less than a paperclip, up to about 100,000 times greater than the mass of the Sun. The idea of such tiny black holes intrigued Stephen Hawking, who explored their Stephen Hawking got curious about the tiny black holes which led him explore their quantum mechanical properties. This work led to his discovery of Hawking radiation in 1974.
Formation of a primordial black hole
A primary black hole is a black hole that formed very early in the universe. A primordial black hole is not generally formed like the formation of a normal black hole. It is important to note that a star is not necessary for the formation of a black hole. Instead, what you need is a region with a high density of material and a large fluctuation that occurs over a region of space. This fluctuation must increase the amount of matter in the region to the point where it falls within the Schwarzschild radius, allowing for the formation of an event horizon and the formation of a black hole. The fluctuation may have originated from a collapsing star or theoretically the Big Bang.
The primordial black holes could have formed right after the black hole which is known as the planck era. And it began to take shape after that and was connected to various time periods. Scientists say that the very first primordial black hole was formed in a fraction of a second after the formation of the Big Bang. A primordial black hole could have formed with the quartz and other subatomic particles after the formation of the universe. But the primordial black holes don’t last long because primordial black holes are small in size and according to Hawking radiation, the mass of the black hole is inversely proportional to the evaporation of the black hole. So a smaller black hole would last for a shorter period of time than a larger black hole. A primordial black hole is smaller than a normal black hole so it would last for a shorter period of time. Theorists believe that primordial black holes have all evaporated since their formation.
Existence of primordial black holes
Even after 13.8 billion years, Scientists haven’t found definite proof of primordial black holes in our universe. According to Hawking radiation, black holes must emit gamma rays as they evaporate. The primordial black holes should also evaporate and produce gamma rays. These rays can be observed by us through the use of Gamma-ray telescopes. The fact that we don’t see any of these gamma rays places concerns on the number of primordial black holes in existence or if there were any primordial black holes in the first place in our universe. And that puts constraints on its contribution to the overall mass of the universe.
But primordial black holes neatly fill some major gaps in the current understanding of the universe. These black holes could explain the existence and nature of dark matter, the invisible stuff that, according to estimates, makes up some 85% of all matter in the universe. Due to these reasons, the primordial black hole lies in the gray area between physics and fiction. The idea of primordial black holes can explain different gaps in our understanding of the universe but due to their existence not being detected, they cannot be proved as reality, and physics works based on theoretical proof. So black holes cannot be proven to be real only on the basis of theoretical proofs.
Properties of primordial black holes
The characteristics of a primordial black hole are both characteristic and enigmatic. Primordial black holes can have masses ranging from microscopic to supermassive, in contrast to their stellar counterparts, which have a minimum mass requirement for formation. Due to this, primordial black holes have unique properties compared to normal black holes. The presence of primordial black holes is not linked to any visible astronomical object. Due to this reason, primordial black holes are ecliptic and challenging to understand and detect because of their broad mass spectra.
Primordial black holes are unique in part because they may be dark matter candidates. One of the biggest mysteries in contemporary astrophysics is dark matter, an elusive and invisible substance that makes up a larger portion of the universe than what is visible. Primordial black holes present a convincing theoretical candidate that fits with observational constraints, even though the nature of dark matter is still unknown.
Primordial black holes as dark matter candidates
Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that is invisible and doesn't interact with ordinary matter. It's made up of particles that don't absorb, reflect, or emit light. Due to this, they cannot be detected through the use of electromagnetic radiation. So the theory is that dark matter is made up of primordial black holes. Those black holes that have a mass bigger than 10 to the power of 15 grams can act as dark matter candidates. Black holes that range from 10 to 20 solar masses can also be dark matter candidates according to our understanding. This is because they are very massive objects stuck in the center of galaxies and they evaporate according to Hawking's theory.
But we don’t know how much a black hole evaporates or how much black holes can evaporate. So the theory is that black holes evaporate till a molecular level and then they stop evaporating at a certain point and these black holes become dark matter. The primordial black holes evaporate faster than normal black holes because of their mass so they would turn into dark matter quickly after the formation of the universe.
