A witch trial, also known as a witch hunt, was a search conducted to find people suspected of practicing witchcraft. These witch hunts occurred during the 16th to 18th centuries. Although witch hunts were not so common during the 19th and 20th centuries, they were still present. Some people might find this weird when I say this, but witch hunts are still conducted to this day. But to find out more about that, we need to understand the history of witch hunts.
In the Early Modern Period (1450-1750) more than 35,000 people were executed after being accused of witchcraft. Among the executed, both men and women were included. Sometimes even kids in their late teens were executed. So how was a person defined to be a witch? Well, if a person was underweight they would be suspected of witchcraft, as a witch would need a light body to fly around. The second method of testing witches was throwing them in rivers. If a person who was not a witch was thrown into a river, they would drown, but a witch would float back up. People would mostly suspect women of witchcraft if they had some education in certain fields, mostly medical ones.
How did witchcraft gain its fame? The answer is simple, people. People started believing in witches in 931 B.C, but they never really hunted for them. It wasn’t until the 14th century that witch hunts started. In this time period so many people were accused of witchcraft when in fact most of them were innocent. They were accused of witchcraft if they were getting lucky, as people believed that they might have made a deal with a devil or used spells. If someone was unlucky, they would assume that witches put a curse on them. These were of course just human beliefs, as humans love to blame their bad luck on others and look down on others' good luck.
What were the qualities of a witch according to people? People believed that witches were able to fly, and use spells like love spells; to make someone fall in love with them. They were also associated with weather changes and bad luck. Their powers would be compared to the powers of nature. People assumed witches could use magical powers as well. To say the least, people believed witches had the power to end the world if they wanted to.
You might think that these trials were not that prevalent, but they were so common that it was like something that happened on a daily basis. People didn’t find it weird or abnormal when in fact everything about these witch hunts was unusual. Innocent people were left with permanent injuries and so many were killed, all on the basis of assumptions and no concrete evidence. You might think this was normal for such a conservative era, and while I do kind of agree with that, is it not concerning that these hunts are still being done in the 21st century?
In places like South East Asia, these hunts are still common. In a town in Zambia, 16 people were killed by “witch hunters'' in the span of 4 months. People with HIV were also accused of spreading it through witchcraft. Even in Nepa, we can see that people beat others in the name of beating the bokashi '' out of them. People are constantly tortured for things they didn’t even do because of others’ superstitious beliefs. We need to raise awareness of things like this as it is harmful to the general human society. You never know when you’ll be accused of witchcraft. You do not know who believes in this kind of stuff and you do not know who supports witch hunts. You never know when you will lose your life to these witch trials. It’s especially important to raise awareness in Asian countries as many people here are conservative and tend to be quite superstitious.
 

धरानको उच्च जातिको ब्राह्मण परिवारमा जन्मिएकी प्रतीक्षाले बाल्यकालदेखि नै आरामदायी जीवन बिताउन पाएकी थी । नेपालको एक सुविधायुक्त सहरमा बसेकी उसलाई बाल्यकालदेखि नै अध्ययन गर्न प्रोत्साहित गरिएको थियो ।  नेपालको झापाकाे बेलबारीमा करिब वि.सं. २०२४ सालमा घटेको घटनामा आधारित एक कथा हो ।जहाँ प्रतीक्षा खतिवडाले नेपालका गाउँहरूमा शौचालय निर्माण गर्नका लागि लड्नु परेको थियो ।

प्रतीक्षा एक सहरमा हुर्केकी, राम्रो सुविधा, शिक्षा र जीवन प्राप्त गरेकी केटी थिई । उसको जीवनमा कुनै पनि कुराको पनि कमी थिएन । ब्राह्मण परिवारमा हुर्केको भएर होला उसलाई आफू सफा र स्वच्छ रहन मन पर्थ्यो र आफू बसेको वातावरण पनि स्वच्छ रहोस् जस्तो लाग्थ्यो । उसको सबैले व्यक्तिगत स्वच्छता कायम राख्नुपर्छ भन्ने धारणा थियो । धरानमा त्यति बेला शिक्षा आर्जन गरेर, परीक्षा दिएर, विद्यालय सकेको प्रमाणपत्र प्राप्त गर्ने एक मात्र महिला ऊ बनेकी थिई । यी सबै उसको परिवारको सुविचार र खुला सोचाइको कारण सफल भएको थियो । उसको यो उपलब्धिले गर्दा उसको टोलका धेरै छोरी चेलीलाई पढ्न दिइएको थियो । तर समाजमा सफल, असल मानिसलाई पनि बाँच्न सजिलो हुँदैन रहेछ । उपलब्धि पाउँदा पनि मानिसहरूले उसलाई छाडेनन् । छोरी चेली भएर धेरै जान्ने हुन खोजेकी भनेर उसले सदैव सुन्नु पर्थ्यो । उसले विद्यालय गएर पढ्नु पनि त्यति सजिलो थिएन । तर पनि उसले आफ्नो परिवारसँग शिर ठाडो पारेर जिउन सिकेकी थिई ।

केहि समयपछि उसले धरान कै एक विद्यालयमा एक शिक्षकको रुपमा जागिर खान थाली । त्यस विद्यालयमा काम गर्दा उसको भेट राजेश दर्जीसँग भयो । राजेश राम्रो शिक्षा प्राप्त गरेको एक अल्पसंख्यक समुदायको युवा थियो । प्रतीक्षा त्यहाँ शिक्षक हुँदाको समयमा ऊ राजेशको मायामा परी । परिवारको विरुद्ध गएर राजेश र प्रतीक्षाले विवाह गरे । अन्तरजातीय विवाह गर्नुको परिणामहरू प्रतीक्षालाई केही पनि थाहा थिएन । उसलाई सानै देखि उसको माता पिताले सुरक्षा दिनुभएको थियो र जीवनमा उसले धेरै भोग्नु परेन । तर विवाह गरेर राजेशको घर बेलबारी गएपछि ऊ अचम्ममा परी । उसको नयाँ परिवार र उसको परिवारमा सबै कुरा फरक थियो। उनीहरूको बानी, उनीहरूको खाना र उनीहरूको संस्कृति । उसको ससुराले त उसलाई काम गर्न, पहिले जसरी विद्यालय  गएर पढाउन दिएनन् । प्रतीक्षाका ससुरा बा पितृसत्तात्मक समाजको एक बलियो वकिलको जस्ता थिए । त्यो समाजका महिलाहरूले कुनै पनि किसिमको पेसा आयआर्जन गर्ने कामका लागि घरबाहिर निस्कनु अकल्पनीय थियो । प्रतीक्षालाई एकदमै अप्ठ्यारो भयो । ऊ आफ्नो घर फर्केर, राजेशलाई छाडेर जान्छु भन्न नि सक्दिन थिई । उसको घरको ढोका उसका लागि अब बन्द थियो ।

यो बाहेक प्रतीक्षाले आफ्नो नयाँ घर र नयाँ जीवनमा झेल्नु पर्ने ठुलो चुनौती थियो स्वच्छताको   । राम्रो स्वास्थ्य र व्यक्तिगत मर्यादा कायम राख्नका लागि व्यक्तिगत सरसफाई एकदमै महत्त्वपूर्ण हुन्छ । ऊ धरान सहरकी बासिन्दा थिई जहाँ अधिकांश घरमा शौचालय हुने गर्थ्यो । तर त्यस्ता सुविधाहरूको अभावमा बेलबारी उसलाई पछाडि परेको ठाउँ जस्तो लाग्यो । त्यहाँ त एउटा शौचालयसमेत पनि थिएन । दिशापिसाब जाँदा खुल्ला जङ्गल घारीमा जानुपर्ने थियो जुन कुराले उसलाई साह्रै चिन्तित बनायो । जङ्गल घारीमा जाँदा विभिन्न साँप, किराहरुको डर पनि हुन्थ्यो अनि स्वास्थ्य पनि जोखिममा हुने गर्थ्यो । सानैदेखि सफा वातावरणमा बसेकी, हुर्केकी, सहरको राम्रो शौचालय चलाएकी मानिस एक्कासी त्यस्तो ठाउँमा पुग्दा उसलाई गाह्रो पर्यो । उसले राजेशलाई एक शौचालय बनाउन सल्लाह पनि दिई तर राजेशले “यो हाम्रो संस्कृति हो । पहिलै देखिको परम्परा हो ।” भनेर उसको कुरो टालिदियो ।  

केही समयपछि राजेशको बुबाको निधन भयो । घरमा प्रतीक्षालाई रोक्ने एक मात्र शक्ति, उसको ससुरा बाको निधनपछि ऊ विभिन्न महिला सशक्तीकरण कार्यक्रम इत्यादीमा सहभागी हुन थाली । उसले तालिमहरू पनि गरी र आफू काम गर्छु भनेर अठोट लिई । तालिमपछि ऊ स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रालयको परिवार नियोजन महाशाखामा काम गर्दै बेलबारी निर्वाचन क्षेत्रको जनस्वास्थ्य व्यवसायी भई । बेलबारीमा महिलाहरूलाई महिनावारी हुँदा, सुत्केरी हुँदा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने सरसफाईको बारेमा ज्ञान रहेन छ । त्यस कारणले त्यहाँको धेरै मानिसहरूको निधन पनि भएको रहेछ । यो थाहा पाएपछि प्रतीक्षाले आगामी दश वर्षमा समुदायका २५० घर परिवारमा पुगेर महिलाहरूलाई प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य, सरसफाई पोषण र अन्य स्वास्थ्य विषयमा शिक्षा दिई ।

उसले यति गर्दा पनि आफ्नो घरमा शौचालय बनाउन सकिन । घरका अरू सदस्यले नमानेपछि आफ्ना ४ छोराछोरी लिएर ऊ घर छाडेर गई । अनि आफैँ एक घर र शौचालय बनाई । बिस्तारै समय बित्दै गएपछि उसको श्रीमान राजेशले पनि उसलाई सहयोग गर्यो । उसले बेलबारीको आफ्नो घरमा शौचालय बनाएर स्वच्छता अभियानको सुरुवात गरेकी थिई । त्यस अभियानलाई उसले नाम दिई “स्वच्छ तन स्वस्थ मन अभियान” । बिस्तारै मानिसहरूले उसलाई देखेर, पैसा बचाएर शौचालय बनाउन थाले र अहिले बेलबारीमा स्वास्थ्य, सरसफाई र शौचालयको निर्माण र त्यसको समुचित सबैमा भएको छ । बेलबारीका मानिसहरूले प्रतीक्षा खतिवडाका कारण व्यक्तिगत सरसफाईको बारेमा जानकारी प्राप्त गरे साथै विभिन्न स्वस्थका विषयहरूको बारेमा पनि जाने । प्रतीक्षाले बिस्तारै विभिन्न संस्थाहरूसँग काम गर्न थाली र बेलबारी मात्र नभएर नेपालका विभिन्न गाउँहरूमा उसले स्वास्थ्य, सफा सुगर, सरसफाईको ज्ञान बाँड्न थाली ।     
 

“Mama I don't want this, I want the expensive one”. David was shouting at his mom Ramisha. David was an extremely spoiled boy. He was the son of a very renowned businessperson. Since his childhood he got everything he wanted. His parents loved him the most and catered to all his needs. He always used to show off in front of his friends but he never let anyone else touch them. Even if anyone did, he used to be angry and rude. He grew up and his demands were getting more and more expensive. If his parents wouldn't buy that he would be angry with them and throw a tantrum. David academics was not good and it was going down day by day. He was a bully at school.

His parents warned him not to be so uptight, but he never listened. They told him that everything would not be the same as always. But he never listened to them. Suddenly they got bankrupt and everything they had respect and reputation went away overnight. His father was working day and night to come back to a nice situation. But on the other hand instead of helping his father David had now started gambling. His parents were totally unaware of it. Everyday some money was being lost from the locker. HIs father got suspicious and he found out that David was the thief and he would spend it all in gambling. Due to his behavior his father was upset and scolded him. His father told him that he would never know the pain and hardship behind the success since he had only seen the money that his parents have earned, not the pain. David was not shaken by his words, instead he shouted at his parents. He blamed them for everything. His mother was crying very hard and trying to make him realize what he did was wrong. But he didn't listen to her and left. Later that night, David bought a ticket to Qatar and announced that from that day he was leaving the house and would never come back. His parents were sad but did not show their emotions because they wanted their son to visit real life and see how hard it was. The moment he left the house and stepped into the world he then realized how hard the actual life was.

Life is not an easy trial. He didn't find a proper job so he had to work in a cement factory. His life was hell because the people didn't treat him well as he was just an intern. He had to sleep in hard beds and had to cook food himself. David remembered his mother and cried. After working he realized how hard it had been for his father to get all the fame and riches. In the factory even if he did something wrong the other big officers used to scold him. He used to cry day and night remembering his family. After 2 years he finally got a chance to go to his home for the new year. When he went there he saw his parents sitting in the living room. He ran towards him and cried. He was sorry for his awful behaviour. He told them how he realized their love, support and hard work. They spent their new year together after a long time. David's father stopped him from going back and offered him a job in his own company. The beautiful family lived happily ever after. David was not the same as before he had become a more responsible and good person. 
 

संसार, डर र घृणाले भरियो
मानव जाति स्वार्थी बने
जहाँ कसैले अरूकाे बारेमा सोच्दैनन्
कसरी हुन्छ शान्ति यहाँ ?

संसारमा तब शान्ति हुने छ, जब
सबै युद्ध र सङ्घर्ष समाप्त हुन्छन्
मानिसहरू सद्भावमा बाँच्न सक्छन्
अभावमा पनि रमाउन सक्छन्  

जब प्रेमलाई साथमा राखी, 
घृणाको अन्त्य गरिन्छ। 
विश्वासकाे करेसाबारीमा खुसीकाे
बिउ छरेर सुखी जीवन उमारिन्छ……. 
त्यसैले मिलेर गरौँ अशान्तिको अन्त्य
र कायम गराैँ विश्व शान्ति । विश्व शान्ति ।।

मरुभूमिमा हराएको यात्री हुँ म 
मृत्युलाई कसरी टार्न सक्छु र 
गिद्धको नजरमा परि सकेको म  
मद्दत, यो सुकेको मुखले कसरी माग्न सक्छु र

आगोमा जलेर खरानी बन्ने कोइला हुँ म  
आफूलाई पोलेको पीडा कसरी  देखाउन सक्छु र  
मेरो रङ कालो भएता पनि 
म भित्र भएको सेतो पनलाई कसरी देखाउन सक्छु र  

फुटाउन नसक्ने ढुङ्गा हुँ म 
तर भित्र भित्र चर्केको कसले देख्न सक्छ र  
मेरो रुप कडा भएता पनि
मेरो कमलो मन कसले हेर्न सक्छ र  

चट्याङ हुँ म 
आफ्नो मनलाई कसरी तर्साउन सक्छु र   
अँध्यारोमा उज्यालो बनाउने म 
मनमा लागेको झट्कालाई देखाउन सक्छु र 
बगिरहने खोला हुँ म 
कसैले रोकेर रोक्न सक्छु र  
हात्ती हुँ म 
कुकुर भुक्यो भन्दैमा पछाडि सर्न सक्छु र ..

This generation uses social media far too much. All the time, we are glued to our screens. While I acknowledge that social media has certain advantages, the drawbacks far outweigh the benefits. Social media is impacting our lives more negatively than positively. Although it is widely believed that young people are the only ones who use social media, in reality, everyone has access to it. A lot of people are “addicted” to social media, either it is just one or many. Toxicity has become common in social media. I have a social media addiction as well. Well, I hate to admit it, but the first thing I do when I get up is browse Pinterest or Tiktok. Most people do this.

On social media, we watch content creators doing bizarre things and taking dangerous risks. It is quite sad that people have begun valuing views and likes over themselves. Seeing others do those kinds of risky things and getting so much attention tempts more people to do so. Some people go way too far to get views and likes. For example wasting food, acting dumb, doing risky things, eating too much and more. This is simply ruining our lives and wasting our time. Instead of doing things that will help us in our life we are looking at the screen and not being productive.

Personally, I have observed that at family gatherings, people continuously use their phones or take pictures rather than conversing or spending time together. Social media is making people distant. Everyone is there on social media but not everyone is there physically or emotionally. Overusing social media results in social isolation and a lack of interaction with others. It's obvious that my ability to socialize has decreased as a result of my excessive usage of social media. Let me remind you that social media promotes cyberbullying, body shaming, unrealistic beauty standards, etc. The biggest reasons for teens being insecure is also due to social media, as we may know social media promotes body shaming and bullying which leads to poor mental health. To be honest not everything shown in social media is real. Social media distorts reality and plays psychological games with us to make us believe what they want us to believe for their own gain and selfish reasons.

Teenagers and children are living the social media life more than real life which causes depression, insecurities, self harm, suicidal thoughts. Social media has been affecting teenagers in a negative way. Using too much social media means grades dropping. Once our addiction to social media starts we will find ourselves spending more time on social media and not studying which will obviously lead to bad academic performance. Also other few negative impacts of social media are sleep deprivation, anxiety, body dysmorphia and low self esteem. After spending time on social media, the majority of teenage females start comparing themselves to celebrities in an effort to be slender, attractive, and wealthy like them.
The question still remains: how do we stop letting social media ruin our lives? The answer is that we can not stop social media from being toxic. Even if we spread awareness about it, the toxicity is still going to remain. In the end I can only say that social networking is here to stay whether we like it or not, whether it is good or bad. The only way we can benefit from it in a positive manner is to draw a line between good and bad and not let it influence our social and psychological well being. 
 

When my mom and dad went abroad I was the sole responsible person in the house. The only people in my house left were me, my little brother, my grandmother and my uncle (My father’s brother). You might wonder, why am I responsible regardless of my uncle’s presence? Mainly because my grandmother is senile to look after us and my uncle would not be at home most of the time. So I had to mainly take care of my brother and my grandma. Well, at first I thought it would be really easy, I could just take it easy and just be a little more responsible. But I could not be more wrong. Right after my mom and dad left I could not bear the pressure. What a hectic job it was. Rest assured my parents are already home right now. I wished I would never have to bear this much pressure and responsibility on me, which is impossible if I want to do something in my life. Getting back to the topic, the responsibility I had was just pressurizing plus there was school. I mean this is nothing compared to the responsibilities of my parents which I do understand but for a teenager like me who had never bore such responsibilities it was extremely difficult  and also a special moment in my life.

I had to wake up early (6:00 A.M) which was already too tiring and also I had to dress my brother, get him ready for school, prepare and eat breakfast, get ready for my school, complete any assignments if any left and go about my day. After that I spent 8 hours in school, came home running, picked my brother up from his bus stop, ate snacks, did my homework, helped my brother with his homework, helped grandma in the kitchen, ate dinner, completed my homework then slept. This basically was my routine for the whole day and everyday for 1 month.

My parents were enjoying their vacation whereas I was burdened with pressure. I am an SEE student with less than 7 months for final examinations and no one can understand the pressure the school gives, with extra activities at school and pressure at home. If I knew I would have to face these problems I would never ever have let my mom and dad go abroad. But on the flip side I am very happy and thankful to my parents for going abroad because I got to learn so much from this once in a lifetime experience. And also I am very thankful to them for trusting me with so much responsibility in their absence. I think I did a good job considering it was my first time with so much work and responsibility resting upon my shoulders. Regardless I would never want to bear such pressure and responsibility at such a young age. I feel like if my classes were off or if school did not give much pressure then I would have done a much better job. I think where I missed to fulfill my responsibilities was not helping my grandma much in the kitchen. I did always help my grandma with something in the kitchen but I should have helped more. This experience will also teach me to manage my work better in the near future.

विद्यालमा भइरहेकाे प्रथम त्रैमासिक परीक्षा सकिएको थियो । राम, हरि र श्याम फुटबल खेल्न फुटबल मैदान गएका थिए । परीक्षा सकिएपछि उनीहरू रमाइलो गरिरहेका थिए । धेरै समयपछि मात्र फुटबल खेलिरहेका थिए । रमाउँदै आफ्नाे शक्तिले सकेजति खुट्टाले बललाई हिर्काउँदै थिए । खेल्दै गर्दा बल अचानक खेल मैदानकाे नजिकै रहेकाे बगैँचामा खस्याे । तिनीहरू बल ल्याउन बगैँचामा गए। बगैँचामा धेरै राम्रा राम्रा फूलहरू फुलेका थिए । बगैँचा अति नै मनमाेहक  थियाे । जताततै फूलहरूकाे सुगन्ध फैलिरहेकाे थियाे । आँखामा नै टाँसिने खालकाे बगैँचाकाे सुन्दरताले सबै छक्क परे। यो सबै तिनीहरूलाई सपना जस्तै लाग्यो।

यो बगैँचामा कसैले धेरै मिहिनेत गरेको हुनुपर्छ भन्ने सबैलाई लाग्याे । तर त्यहाँ बगैँचाकाे अवलाेकन गर्नुभन्दा पनि बलकाे खाेजीमा लाग्नु थियाे । सबै जना बल खोज्नमा व्यस्त भए । बल खाेज्दै गर्दा कसैकाे आवाज सुनियाे । केही समयपछि ती कराउने मानिस हामी नजिकै  आए । यसरी उनीहरूले बगैँचामा नसाेधिकन प्रवेश गरेकाे हुनाले रिसाए । खेल्दाखेल्दै अचानक बल खसेकाे भनी माफी माग्याैँ । ती मानिस त रामले पहिला पढेकाे विद्यालयकाे शिक्षक हुनुहँदाे रहेछ । तिनीहरू सबैले शिक्षकलाई अभिवादन गरे। त्याे विद्यालयमा रहँदा सबै विद्यार्थीहरूसँग राम्रो व्यवहार गर्नुहुन्थ्याे । त्यसैले सबै विद्यार्थीहरूले उहाँलाई मन पराउँथे । कालान्तरमा  शिक्षण पेसा छाडेर के गर्दै थिए कसैलाई पनि थाहा थिएन । 
“आज हजुरसँग भेट हुँदा धेरै खुसी लाग्याे” रामले भन्याे । मैले तिमीहरूलाई नदेखेको धेरै समय भयो। अनि सर याे  बगैँचा त धेरै राम्राे बनाउनु भएछ । अँ ……. अझैँ भनेजति त सुन्दर छैन । बारीमा खटिरहनुपर्छ नत्र अनावश्यक झारपातले फूलहरूलाई बढ्न नै दिदैनन् । फूलहरूकाे माझ त्यस्ता झारपातहरूले बगैँचालाई कुरूप बनाउँछ । वास्तविक जीवनमा पनि असल तथा सफल व्यक्तिकाे राम्राे प्रभाव हुन्छ जसले हरेक जीवनलाई सफलतामा पुऱ्याउन ठुलाे सहयाेग मिल्छ ।  त्यसैले हामी पनि असल व्यक्तिहरूसँग मात्र साथी हुनुपर्छ किनभने तिनीहरूको बानीले हामीलाई धेरै प्रभाव पार्छ र हामी बिस्तारै तिनीहरू जस्तै राम्राे बन्न सक्छौँ ।  तपाईंका साथीहरू असल व्यक्तिहरूसँग छन् भने तपाईं राम्रो व्यक्ति बन्नुहुन्छ तर यदि तपाईं खराब मानिसहरूसँग सङ्गत गर्नुहुन्छ भने तपाईंले आफ्नाे जीवनलाई आफैँ अपमानित गर्नुहुन्छ । त्यसैले हामीले अरूबाट राम्रा कुराहरू सिक्ने प्रयास गर्नुपर्छ।

सबैले सरको कुरा सुनेर खुसी भए ।  धेरै प्रेरणा पनि  पाए । उनीहरूले सरले भनेका प्रत्येक कुरालाई  आत्मसात् गर्ने सङ्कल्प गरे । सरलाई  आभार व्यक्त गरे । त्यसपछि उनीहरूले आफ्नो बल पाए । सरसङ्ग बिदा मागेर उनीहरू आआफ्नाे घरतर्फ लागे । सरकाे कुराले उनीहरूले आफ्नाे जीवनमा ठूलो प्रभाव पारेको कुरा पछिसम्म साथीहरूसङ्ग कुराकानी भइरहन्छ । 

We live in the 21st century and in today's modern world most of the work is done through the help of technology. Even the smallest of smallest works we are reliable towards technology that is why the people of the 21st century are way lazier and never do their work on their own as the people of the past did. So what would happen if technology hadn’t existed? First of all if there was no technology it would be impossible to survive because without technology there cannot be development. Nowadays even if people are neighbors they chat to each other using smart devices but if it did not exist then there would be no other option than to go and talk to other people face to face. Technology has really helped us to improve a lot of things in our life like transferring information by just a click from your cell phone or computer but if there was no technology we would need to deliver that same information by going to where the other person is and give it to them. All the games that we enjoy playing and spend our money on  would simply not exist because there is no technology. Without technology our life would be stressful and different. While there are some bad aspects of technology we would not be able to get the good aspects of it. Technology has made our life way easier and faster. No technology means no social media and no pollution as air pollution, sound pollution and other all types of pollution mostly happen due to technology and no social media means we become more self dependent. Technology is just a medium created by humans to make their life easy and to do work for them and we all rely on others to make new technologies to make our life even easier but what would happen if the people of the past also did the same? Waiting for someone to make progress? We would not be able to live the life that we live now.  If there was no technology then we would not be searching for every single thing on the internet as we do now. Now you are able to listen to songs on your phone through various apps and websites but if technology didn't exist there would be no apps and no websites, not even phones. All your favorite shows that you watch regularly would not have existed if there was no technology. We are so dependent on technology without even knowing what it really is and how to use it properly. So if technology didn't exist we would simply be living under a rock without any facilities. A world without technology now is like a person without clothes; it is just not complete. To be honest if technology didn't exist we would not be as advanced as we are now.

धेरै मासिक पुस्तकहरू पढिसकेपछि एउटा कुनै न कुनै किताब त प्रिय हुन्छ नै । मैले  निक्कै राम्रा किताबहरू पढेकी छु तर तीमध्ये पनि मलाई ‘रोयल घोस्ट्स’ [royal ghosts] नामक अङ्ग्रेजी किताब साह्रै राम्रो लाग्छ । एउटा अङ्ग्रेजी किताब भए पनि यो किताबका लेखक नेपाली लेखक सम्राट उपाध्याय हुन् र यसको स्थानगत परिवेश नेपाल नै हो। यो  एउटा कथा सङ्ग्रह हो ।

यस पुस्तकका कथाहरू धेरै अनौठा छन् । जुन कथाहरूले मानिसहरूको मन छुन सक्छन् । यस पुस्तकमा रहेका कथाहरू निक्कै उत्कृष्ट छन् । यी कथाहरूमा केही हदसम्म एक अर्कासँग कथावस्तु मिल्दाजुल्दा देखिए पनि भिन्न विषय क्षेत्रलाई उजागर गरेका छन् ।  यस पुस्तकमा प्रत्येक नेपाली समाज र घरपरिवारमा हुने विभिन्न समस्याहरू देखाउने प्रयास गरेकाे छ । त्यति मात्र होइन यसले मानसिक स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूको झलक पनि देखाउन खोजेको पाइन्छ ।

यदि हामी शीर्षकको बारेमा कुरा गर्दैछौँ भने हामी सिधै यस पुस्तकको अन्तिम अध्यायमा जान सक्छौँ । जसले यो पुस्तकको शीर्षकलाई सार्थक तुल्याएकाे छ । त्यसैले अन्तिम अध्यायलाई यस पुस्तकको मुख्य अध्यायका रूपमा लिन सकिन्छ । मलाई यो अध्याय साँच्चै मन पर्छ किनभने यसले समलिङ्गी मानिसहरूलाई विगतमा वा आजकाे मितिसम्म पनि कस्तो व्यवहार गरिएको थियाे र छ भनेर देखाउँछ। वास्तवमा अहिलेसम्म पनि हाम्रो देशमा धेरै परिवर्तन भएको छैन, परिवर्तन छिटो  हुनु भनेको  एक व्यक्तिको लागि गर्न सम्भव छ तर मानिसहरूको ठूलो समूहको लागि छिटो परिवर्तन गर्न लगभग असम्भव नै छ । यस कथाको भित्र छिर्दा यो दुइ भाइहरुको बारेमा हो, दाजुले आफ्नो भाइ समलैंगिक हो  भनेर पत्ता लगाउछ र उ दुःखका विभिन्न चरणहरू पार गर्छ र अन्त्यमा आफ्नो भाइ  जस्तो छ र जे छ त्यो स्वीकार गर्छ। कथाले व्यक्ति-व्यक्तिमा दृष्टिकोण कसरी फरक हुन्छ भनेर देखाउन असफल हुँदैन। मेरो मतलब यो पुस्तकमा विभिन्न पात्रहरू थिए जसले समलिङ्गी व्यक्तिहरूको बारेमा धेरै टिप्पणी गरेका छन् । तीमध्ये एकले आफूलाई पूर्ण रूपमा घृणा गरेको बताउँछन् भने अर्कोले समलिङ्गी हुनुमा कुनै दोष छैन र यो एकदमै सामान्य कुरा हो भनी बताउँछन् । यस पुस्तकले वास्तवमा मानिसहरूलाई समलैङ्गिकताप्रति सकारात्मक सोच राख्न प्रभावित गरेको छ। निश्चितरूपमा मानिसहरूले कम्तिमा यस्ता घटना, सूचना, विभिन्न पत्रपत्रिका, उपन्यास, कथा तथा अन्य विभिन्न पुस्तकमार्फत यस्ता विभेदबारे जानकारी लिनुपर्छ । समाजमा हरेक मानिसकाे समान अधिकार हुन्छ भन्ने कुराकाे बाेध हुनुपर्छ । नेपाली समाजमा समलिङ्गी सम्बन्ध सर्वस्वीकार्य छैन । विशेष गरी जब तपाईंले आफ्नो प्रियजनको बारेमा यस्ता सम्बन्धलाई स्वीकार गर्नुपर्छ भन्ने कुरालाई उठान गरेकाे छ । यो कठिन कुरा भए पनि असम्भव भने छैन ।

कथाले समेट्ने अन्य कुराहरूमध्ये पारिवारिक समस्या पनि पर्दछ। एउटा कथामा छोरीले आफ्नो परिवारको निर्णयलाई शिराेपर गर्नुपर्ने अवस्थालाई देखाइएको छ किनभने उसले त्याे व्यक्तिसँग विवाह गर्नुपरेको थियो जुन व्यक्तिगत रूपमा उनको रोजाइमा थिएन । उनको सम्बन्ध आफूभन्दा तल्लो जातको मानिने मानिससँग थियो । त्यसैले हाेला उनकाे त्याे वैवाहिक जीवन सफल हुन सेकन । वैधानिकरूपमा अलग भएपछि  आफैले अर्को पुरुषसँग विवाह गरिन्। जसले गर्दा आफ्नाे मान, प्रतिष्ठामा बाँचकाे परिवारमा ठुलाे ठेस लाग्याे । विशेषत : बुबाले वास्तवमा छाेरीको जीवनमा के भइरहेको थियो भनेर हेरेनन् र आफ्नाे मानसम्मान बचाउने प्रयासमा लागिरहे । बुबाले उनलाई घृणा गर्न थालेका थिए । केही समयकाे अन्तरालमा उनलाई याे कुराकाे पनि  महसुस भयाे कि उनले महिनौँदेखि कति जटिल जीवन बाँचिरहेकी थिई । यस्ता सामाजिक जीवनमा आधारित विविध विषयवस्तुकाे उठान गरी ,कथावस्तु सुहाउँदाे पात्रहरूकाे चयन गरी नेपाली समाजकाे एक दर्पणका रूपमा उभिएकाे भान गराउँछ । 
नेपाली समाजलाई यस पुस्तकमा पूर्णरूपमा समेटिएको छ । यस पुस्तकले बोलेको सबै कुरा नेपालमा प्रचलित समस्याहरू हुन्, जुन प्राय: बेवास्ता गर्छन्, गरिन्छ र पारिन्छ ।  जस्तै : नेपाली जनताको इज्जतको कुरा गर्ने हो भने त यो उनीहरूको आफ्नो वा आफ्नो नजिकको मानिसहरूको खुसीभन्दा धेरै उच्च तहमा रहेको देखिन्छ । यस पुस्तकले एउटा परिवर्तित समाजकाे परिकल्पना गरेकाे छ, जहाँ खुसी र रुचि मिसिएकाे संस्कार हाेस् । मलाई यो पुस्तकमा भएकाे सरलता, नेपाली समाजकाे समस्यालाई पस्कने लेखन शैली, पात्रविधान,  कथाका परिचित परिवेश र समस्याहरू उजागर गरेकाे भाषाशैलीकाे अद्भुत कला आदिले प्रिय पुस्तकका रूपमा रहन सफल भएकाे हाे ।

समय म तिमीसित चल्न सक्दिनँ
तिमी राेक्न सक्दैनौ, तिमी पर्खदैनाै
तिमी कसलाई मद्दत गर्छाै भने,
कसैकाे जीवन बिगार्छाै

तिमी चलिरहन्छाै एक्लै एक्लै 
हामी तिमीसँगै चल्नुपर्छ,
तर,
तिमी हामीसँग चल्दैनाै
चल्न सिक्नुपर्छ  हरपल
ओ‍‍‍‌…… समय ? तिमी कति ठुलाे है
न समातेर समातिन्छाै न बाेलाए सुन्छाै
न तिम्राे आफ्नाे छ, न तिमी कसैका हाै

हिजाे जस्ताे थियाै, आज त्यस्तै छाै
सायद भाेलि पनि त्यस्तै हुने छाै हाेला
तिमीलाई बाटाे बनाएर 
तिम्रै पदचाललाई पछ्याउने मात्रै गरे भने,
तिमी हिँडेकै बाटाेमा हिँडेर
गन्तव्य छुने प्रयास मात्र गरे भने,
मान्छेलाई मान्छे बन्न सजिलाे हुने थियाे

आज आफू बन्न बिर्सेका हामी मान्छे
सायद, समय तिम्राे सङ्गत गर्न बिर्स्याैँ जस्ताे लाग्छ…….
 

Natural resources are the most important blessing that humans have received and they are the most crucial  aspects of human survival. Human’s geography and their environmental history have relied on the key of the ecological system. Ecological concepts have histories and geographics. Without natural resources, survival of humankind is unimaginable. However, that doesn't stop the fact that people are misusing the resources due to which the non renewable resources are on the verge of extinction.
There are various kinds of human activities that affect the ecosystem like: Overpopulation and Overconsumption, Plastic production, Destruction of reefs etc. Humans have been greedy to fulfill their needs and destroy all nature. Just to get their goals. Discriminating animals are also resources for human survivals. They discriminate against animals for their use and get credit for it. Deforestation has been a simple issue for everyone. Humanity is doomed because of the abuse of the ecosystem. Changes like climate change, soil erosion, pollution, poor air quality and undrinkable water are the main reasons where nature is being destroyed. Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials. Just like overuse of vehicles, fire burn etc are the cause of air pollution. Air pollution consists of any harmful chemicals or dirt particles in the air that can harm the health of any living being. If humans will not stop doing this then in the future not only humans but it will have a mass effect on all living creatures. Humans cut forest for developmental reasons. Just example India, where they were going to cut forests for residential purposes. Around 250 trees were axed following which thousands of villagers started to protest. Animals are also part of the ecosystem or an emerging and exciting conversation of roles for dogs as their growing use. Animals play an essential role in formation and management of ecosystems.They act as consumers, the vital part of community dynamics. Including wild animals , they are known as the most important support for the web of activity in a functioning ecosystem. And also, if resources are more than enough, they are mistreating it and because of that rest other humans will have to suffer and  the resource starts finishing. If this doesn’t stop then we have entered the first stage of human doom.
As mentioned already, natural resources are crucial for human existence, however it is clear that humans failed to understand this and are abusing natural resources every single day. This will ultimately result in their demise. As the rising generation of their society we must start to understand the alternate methods and make the people aware about the scarcity of resources and the energy crisis being the new global agenda. We can see some examples of price hikes in petroleum products. And many more yet to follow. So, if the dominance of humans over resources doesn’t stop anytime soon, then the easy and efficient way of human survival over the next century is impossible.