अझै पनि मोबाइल खोल्दा देख्दछु म ती पलका तस्बिर, जसले दिन्छन् मलाई त्याे बेलाका भावना र सम्झना । हेर्दै जाँदा देखा पर्छन्, मैले बिर्सेको ती पलहरू जाे त्यति रमाइला नभए पनि मेरो मुहारमा मुस्कान ल्याउने गर्दछन् तिनले । ती योजनाहरू, जुन हामीले बनाएका थियाैँ कक्षा १० सकिएपछिका लागि, जुन मात्र सपना भएर गए ।    

त्यो विद्यालयको शौचालयमा लुकी लुकी गफ गर्ने हाम्रो बानी, ५-१० मिनेटको ब्रेक पाइने बेलामा बास्केटबल लिएर खेल्न दगुरिहाल्ने हाम्रो त्यो चन्चले बानी र कक्षाको बिच बिचमा पानी भर्ने भनी १०-२० मिनेट नै त्यो पानी भर्ने ठाउँमा बस्ने हाम्रो बानी अझै याद आउँछन् मलाई ।

कक्षाकाे पछाडि बसी चाउचाउ र कुरकुरे लुकेर खाने पनि त्यति बेला मिसन इम्पाेसिबल जस्तै लाग्दथ्यो । तातो पानी भन्दै जाडो महिनामा फलामको बोतलमा कोक र डिउ हालेर चिसो हावामा चिसो जुस खानुको मज्जै अर्को । 

अझै याद छ त्यो बिहानको कक्षा, जुन हुने गर्दथ्यो १० कक्षाभरि, त्यो बेला जब बस छुट्यो भन्दै ढिला हिँड्दै विद्यालय जाने गर्दथ्यौँ हामी साथीभाइ । केही कार्यक्रम हुन आँटेको थाहा पाउनेबित्तिकै कक्षा लिन मन नलागेर १ महिनाअगाडिदेखि नै योजना गर्ने हाम्रो त्यो बिन्ती, याद आउँछ मलाई ।

घर जान मन नलागेर ‘हामी त्यो कार्यक्रमका लागि तयारी गरिरहेका छौँ’ भन्दै बहाना बनाएर बेलुकी ७-८ बजेसम्म विद्यालय बसेको याद आउँछ मलाई । कतिपय बेला गितार ल्याउँदा ‘लन्च ब्रेक’ मा गीत गएर समय बिताएको त्याे मिठाे पलकाे सम्झना आउँछ मलाई । 

हाम्रो दैनिक जीवनलाई सजिलो बनाउनका लागि विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूमा प्रयोग गरिने प्रविधिलाई आधुनिक प्रविधिका रूपमा चिनिन्छ ।

विश्वभरको शिक्षा प्रणालीअनुसार बच्चाहरू कक्षामा बस्ने र घन्टौँ शिक्षकहरूको व्याख्यान सुनेर बस्ने चलन चलिआएको छ तर यो अब परिवर्तन हुँदै छ । विश्वभरका धेरै स्कुलहरूले अनलाइन शिक्षा अपनाएका छन् । कक्षाहरूले डिजिटल शिक्षण उपकरणहरूको प्रयोग गर्न थालेको छन्, जस्तैः कम्प्युटर, प्रोजेक्टर आदि जुन आधुनिक प्रविधिको कारणले सम्भव भएको छ । अनलाइन शिक्षा प्रयोगकर्तामैत्री, आत्मव्याख्यात्मक छ र यसले शिक्षालाई अधिक रोचक बनाउँछ र विद्यार्थीहरूलाई सिक्न पनि सजिलो हुन्छ । प्रविधिले गणित, रसायन विज्ञान, जीवविज्ञान, भौतिक विज्ञान आदिजस्ता विषयहरूमा उन्नत शिक्षा प्रदान गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ । यसले विद्यार्थीको उत्सुकता बढाउँछ र उनीहरूलाई विभिन्न विषयका मामिलाहरूका बारेमा उत्सुक हुनका लागि प्रेरणा प्रदान गर्दछ । यसले खास गरी एउटा विषयका बारेमा विभिन्न अवधारणाहरू प्रदान गर्दछ, जसले हाम्रो सिक्ने क्षमतालाई व्यापक रूपमा बढावा दिन्छ । शिक्षकहरूले विभिन्न प्राविधिक उपकरणको प्रयोग गरेर कम जटिल तरिकामा विषयवस्तुकाे व्याख्या गर्न सक्छन् । यसको प्रयोगले विद्यार्थीहरूकाे अल्छीपन हटाउँछ जुन केही कुरा सिक्नका लागि एकदम जरुरी छ । आधुनिक प्रविधिले विभिन्न शिक्षणसिकाइका सामग्री प्रदान गर्दछ । विद्यार्थीहरूका साथसाथै शिक्षकहरूले पनि यसको फाइदा उठाउन सक्छन् । प्रविधिले विद्यार्थीहरूलाई गुणस्तरीय जानकारी प्रदान गर्दछ जसले व्यापक शिक्षा आर्जनमा मद्दत पुर्याउँछ । इन्टरनेटले ज्ञान प्रदान गर्नमा एक महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छ र एक व्यक्तिको रायमा मात्रै विद्यार्थीहरूलाई सीमित गर्दैन । 

अनलाइन शिक्षाले शिक्षा लेनदेनको तरिका पनि परिवर्तन गर्दछ । यसले शिक्षाप्रतिकाे  दृष्टिकाेण परिवर्तन गर्दछ । राम्रो प्रविधि प्राप्त हुनुको अर्थ राम्रो शिक्षाकाे प्राप्ति हो । 

For almost three centuries the Romanov dynasty ruled Russia. The Romanovs lost power in Russia in February of 1917 when a revolution resulted in the dissolution of the monarchy. The Russian Revolution brought further chaos and violence in Russia and gave rise to the Bolsheviks who established the Soviet Union.

Many historians believe that the shortcomings of the 1905 revolution led to the revolutions of 1917. In 1917, Russia was directly involved in the First World War, fighting against Germany on the Eastern front. The war was devastating for the Russian people which led to a massive economic downturn. The food shortages and increased work time increased the workers' hatred towards the government. This led to the February revolution and the provisional government was formed which failed to improve the degrading situation and did not put an end to the war. During this time, the Russian General Lavr Kornilov attempted a coup against the provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky. Kerensky successfully thwarted the coup with the help of Bolshevik assistance. But this led to the Bolsheviks gaining more power in Russia. All the jailed Bolsheviks were freed from jails and a takeover of the government was being planned. With the promise of bread, peace and land, the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government. 

An election was held to appreciate Marx’s view that a communist nation should have democratic characteristics. The results of the election indicated that the Bolsheviks had lost to the more popular Socialist Revolutionary Party. Since no one cares about Marx’s principles, the Bolsheviks did not accept the results which led to the Russian Civil War lasting till 1923. The revolution led to the establishment of the USSR and further revolutions in countries such as China and Vietnam.

Source:[Wikipedia (“Russian Revolution”) viewed in 2021]

Smile, nowadays, basically means a facial expression in which the eyes brighten and the corners of the mouth curve slightly upward. Smile may be considered as a curve formed by corners of the mouth, but it's more than just any of that. Smile can be rather described as the expression of relief, happiness, amusement or kind acts. A smile cannot be formed all the time but it comes to us like a frequent visiting guest that can be said as an enjoyable rather than annoying guest.

Smiling not only offers a mood boost but helps our bodies release cortisol and endorphins that provide numerous health benefits. Smiling helps in reducing our blood pressure, stress and pain. Not only that but smiling also helps in increasing our immune system. Smiling is more attractive than wearing make-up and this is not just a saying but it's true, don’t believe it, try it yourself. With that, smiling is also contagious. Don’t believe this too? Try giving a smile to a person with no smile. Smiling helps you extend your lifespan and increases positivity. 

Smiling may be natural and regular for some but for others it may not be as natural and regular. Smiling can help you feel at ease when you get it from someone at a new place or environment. It can give the person who performs it a certain air of confidence that not many facial expressions can. And an air of confidence can travel a long way, in this busy fast-paced world. Studies have found that smiling people are viewed as more attractive, due to the fact that they look healthier and therefore younger. And it may seem like a strange comparison but a grin can be associated with generosity too, which can be quite rare in these modern times. 

Whether you call it a grin, smirk or smile, there’s no denying the feel-good power of this happy facial expression. We are born with the ability to smile, yet as we age, we smile less often. Why do you think people smile less as they age? Well, as we age, our problems and our responsibilities also increase. But thinking about it again, if we concentrate on our problems it’ll just get deeper and bigger but if we concentrate on the opportunities and solving the problems you’ll definitely find a solution. And to do that you’ll definitely have to be positive. So, we only have one life, why waste it thinking about our 
problems and only making it bigger. Let's relax and smile to increase positivity to make our lives better and healthier.

Every little thing and everyone who makes you smile or tries to make you smile, don’t hesitate, just let your mouth form a smile, which makes you more attractive and approachable. Why don’t you start your day with a smile and say that it’s gonna be alright and move on and you will definitely start living a happy and positive life.

“अन्धविश्वास” भन्ने शब्द हामी लगभग दैनिक रूपमा सुन्छौँ । अन्धविश्वास यस्तो विश्वास हो जुन सामान्यतया अज्ञानता वा छद्म विज्ञानको परिणामस्वरूप हुन्छ । यसको प्रयोग विशेष गरेर भाग्य, आकर्षण ज्योतिष, भाग्य बताउनेजस्ता कुराहरूसँग जोडिएर हुन्छ । 

डिएटर हर्मेनिङ्गले अन्धविश्वासलाई जादु, भविष्यवाणी र अवलोकन गरी तीन वर्गमा वर्गीकृत गरेका छन् । उनले अवलोकनलाई 'सङ्केत' र 'समय' लाई पनि विभाजित गरेका छन् । मानिसहरू सोच्छन् कि अन्धविश्वासले घटनाहरूका  सम्भावित नतिजाहरूलाई बदल्छ ।अन्धविश्वासले नयाँ सम्भावित परिणामहरू सिर्जना गर्ने कुरामा मानिसहरूले विश्वास गर्दैनन् । खेलाडीहरूमा अन्धविश्वासकाे अनुष्ठानले तनाब कम गर्न र प्रदर्शन सुधार गर्न सकेको देखिएको छ । मानिसहरू कुनै घटनालाई अलौकिक कारण दुई परिस्थितिहरूमा दिन्छन् । पहिलो भनेको कुनै पनि आश्चर्य लाग्ने घटनामा अन्धविश्वासका तत्वहरू बढ्छन् र दोस्रो भनेको सकारात्मकभन्दा नकारात्मक घटनाहरूलाई मानिसले अन्धविश्वासको दृष्टिले हेर्छन् । 

नेपाली समाजमा पनि अन्धविश्वास प्रमुख रहेको छ तर हाम्रो समाजमा अन्धविश्वासको कुरा धर्म र परम्परासँग जोडिएको देखिन्छ । मानव सभ्यता यति पर आइसकेपछि पनि जातपात र छुवाछुतको अन्धविश्वास अहिलेसम्म चलिरहेको छ । कहिलेकाहीँ अन्धविश्वासले कुनै कुरालाई  फाइदा गरेको पनि देख्न सकिन्छ । रुखबिरुवालाई भगवान् मान्नु र पानीको मुहानलाई देवताको थान मान्नुले वातावरणलाई  सहयोग पुर्याएको छ । अन्त्यमा अन्धविश्वास मानवजातिको शत्रु हो र यसलाई हटाउन सबैले आफ्नो पक्षबाट सहयोग गर्नुपर्छ । 

वसन्तको हावाहुरी सकियो,
त्यहीसँगै घाम पोल्ने हुँदै आयो,
बिस्तारै मानिसको कपडा फेरिँदै गयो,
चराहरूको बसाइ अन्तै सर्न थाल्यो ।

सबैको मुखमा गर्मी भन्ने शब्द झुन्डिन थाल्यो,
सबैको घरमा पङ्खा चल्न थाल्यो,
पङ्खाले गर्दा नै हामीले चिसाे हावा खान पायौँ,
पङ्खाले गर्दा नै हामीले मिठाे निद्रा सुत्न पायौँ ।

दिनभरि बेचैनी ल्याउन थाल्यो,
मानिसलाई अल्छी बनाउन थाल्यो,
विद्युतीय उपकरणले बिजुलीकाे बिल बढाउन थाल्यो,
पैसा तिर्दा तिर्दा हातबाट पसिना निस्कन थाल्यो ।

दिउँसोभरि घरमा बस्न बाध्य पार्यो,
रातभरि लामखुट्टेले गाराे पार्यो,
बिहान नै दिउँसाेजस्ताे हुन थाल्यो,
नुहाएबित्तिकै पनि पसिना गनाउन थाल्यो ।

The year 2020 was a tough time in human history. Everything was going fine until the month of december. In December 2019 coronavirus disease was first seen in Wuhan ,China. It is believed that the disease originated from bats. The year 2020 was a terrible experience for mankind as we had to bear many consequences caused by the virus. The only “good thing” that happened due to COVID-19 is that our SEE got canceled (here I am talking as a student). 

Taking this to the further, I am here to describe my whole one year. We were all locked up in our own houses due to COVID-19 . As it was a novel virus the cure was undiscovered so everyone was following the precautions given by WHO, like washing your hands, not touching your face , wearing a mask etc. Online classes was the alternative for education and people were working from home, but what about the people who earn their wage on a daily basis such as labourers they were in huge problem so the government was also doing everything they could to help but I personally think that the decision making of the government must be quick and effective. The government decided to cancel the SEE boards, then there was a lockdown and then they extended the lockdown many times . So everyone was bored in their houses but I am glad the internet kept us all connected. We could chat and play games and video call online with our friends and family during this pandemic. We could also study via online classes, which was a new technique of learning for most students and teachers .

At first everyone was anxious and bored sitting at home but I guess we got used to it. Everyday we heard cases of coronavirus , how many were infected and how many died. It was not pleasant to hear the news of deaths and chaos all over the world but still we were compromising . Many people are suffering from  mental health issues due to this disease. The thing that I noticed is that the news or any sort of information was getting viral very quickly and people were starting to react to this information without thinking twice . Also there were some people who  were showing support  , encouragement and some were sharing constructive feedback instead of plain hate .

What I believe is that everything happens for a reason and we should see good in every situation . The pandemic brought a lot of troubles , some believe that it is the consequences of humankind not conserving mother nature. This pandemic taught us many things , some got a chance to discover themselves and some were just bored in the house , some really took the opportunity to live their life and to be grateful for it . Moreover this pandemic taught us about how short life is and this was indeed a threat from mother nature. 

Computer technology has grown at break-neck speed in recent years. Today, computers are being used for various purposes. You will find computers being used for accomplishing sophisticated tasks, such as managing entire airline and railway systems, operating air missiles, maintaining customer and employee records and bookkeeping. While there is no question that the new wave of computer technology enhances life for many, it raises questions on security that affect us all. What is computer security? Computer security or cyber security is the protection of computer systems and networks from information disclosure, theft of or damage to their hardware, software or electronic data as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.

There are three types of computer security: 
1] Information security is a type of computer security which refers to   protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer systems from unauthorized access, use, modification and destruction.
Information security focuses on the CIA triad model, which ensures confidentiality, integrity and availability of data, without affecting organization productivity.
2] Internet security is an important aspect of computer security which creates a set of rules and actions to protect computer systems that are connected to the internet. It is a branch of computer security that deals specifically with internet based threats such as hacking, computer virus, Denial-of-service attacks and Malware.
3] Network security is another type of computer security that prevents and protects against unauthorized intrusion into computer networks. It is a set of rules and configurations which are designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity and accessibility of computer networks system and information using both software and hardware technologies.
Talking about the origin of computer security, computer security became increasingly important since the late 1960’s, when modems were introduced. The proliferation of personal computers in the 1980’s compounded the problem because they enabled hackers to illegally.

राती सुत्न लाग्दा आउँछु म,
दिनभरि भोक लाग्छ, कुरेर बस्छु म,
खान आ’को म मेरो खाना तर तिमी मलाई भगाउँछौ,
झुल र अल आउटले मलाई सताउँछौ ।
भोकै सुत्न मलाई मजबुर पार्छौ,
अरू म के गरूँ ? बाँच्नलाई खानै पर्छ,
नाम मेरो लामखुट्टे, खुट्टा मेरो लामो,
रोग फैलाउँछु रे मैले, गर्न खोज्या हैन,
बाँच्नलाई गर्छु म, जे गर्छु, यत्तिकै जिस्काउन आ’को होइन । 

संसारको यस अपार अवधिमा
छ विभाजन धनी र गरिबमा
कागजकाे नोटरूपी सानो टुक्राले
जगाएको छ मानिसमा यो भावना ।

दया जाग्छ मेरो मनमा
मानिसको यस्तो दुर्गति देख्दा
पैसा भनाउँदो कागजको लागि
मानिसले मानिसलाई आघात पुऱ्याउँदा ।

दया जाग्छ मेरो मनमा 
धनीको पनि दुर्दशा देख्दा
सम्पत्तिको धाक देखाउने ती ठुलाबडाको
चोरीको डरले निद्रा ओझेल भएको पाउँदा ।

किन बुझ्न नसकेको मानिसले ? 
पैसा कागजको टुक्रा मात्र हो, 
यसले मानवता किन्न सक्दैन,  
पैसाले मात्र मानिसको प्रतिष्ठा बढ्दैन ।

दया जाग्छ मेरो मनमा
धनको पछि लाग्नेप्रति 
आफूलाई ठुलो मानी अरूलाई नीच देखाउनेप्रति
ठुलो सानो हुने कागजको टुक्राले होइन,
कर्म नै मानिसको परिचय हो, पैसा त केही होइन । 

The Cuban protests have arisen after the disastrous crisis of the Cuban economy with shortage of food supply and human-aid. So what started to affect their economy? The pandemic of course but in addition there are two other major reasons for their depressing condition. First weak point that led towards this disaster is the less export and low earnings of foreign currency from the Tourism industry which has a direct connection with the pandemic. So as a result Cuban Foreign Currency Reserves have decreased immensely due to which they are unable to import foreign goods and aid. As we all know in the international market American Dollars are more powerful than the domestic ones. Likewise nobody wants Pesos [Cuban Currency] in the international market, consequence? Devaluation !. Next up is the American Trade Embargo which is basically a term referred to a trade ban with a particular country or a state.
Let's get back to the protests. The protests started from July 11, 2021 . These aggressive protests were against the ruling Communist Party of Cuba as they were unable to keep their promise of fulfilling basic rights of the citizens and cold hearted response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the nation. So the voice of the nation, media engaged in the protest. They added great value and strengthened the protest. But the authorities were not in favor of tolerating them. So instead of looking for the solution of the problem, they chose to suppress the voice of the victims. Several artists who protested by singing a song opposing the government got prosecuted. Government turned violent and started to harass, detain and abuse the activists. The state securities’ main targets belonged to the “San Isidro Movement,” a coalition of singers, painters and other artists. 
Criticism leading to harassment and detaintion, authorities restricted social media and messaging apps. Matter of fact, it’s a modern day dictatorship. Citizens say “ it’s no more just about the economic crisis, it's about freedom.”

Covid and Lockdowns have turned out to be important matters going on around the world as the Indian or the Delta variant has started to get the better of what we know. The society is at peace, the world is going on yet do we know what is really going on in the world? As we all know and think, Wars were considered important in the ‘past’, yet many Wars are still going on without us knowing too much about them. The only time we know about such wars is if it starts to hamper the world's ongoing pace resulting in an impact on peace. 

What is happening in Afghanistan now? Wars, Terrorists attacks, Countless deaths, strikes and many more things that are hidden or confidential to the general public, yet the things have gone so far that the entire public has started to pay attention to this matter. On August 15th, the news that shocked the related parties started to ferment in the internet. 

Talibans, after the fall of the Eastern City, have started to occupy the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul.This war has been going on for quite some time with many countries participating in keeping the situation under control. Even the Gurkha’s who are part of Great Britain have taken part in the battle which according to reports is not showing good signs. Videos and short clips of the situation of Nepalese Gurkha have been spreading around the world through many different platforms like Tik Tok. 

After the downfall of the Democratic regime, the US has sent its troops to Afghanistan to secure the Embassy and its members and escort them back to the US. Nepal has also planned and talked with the related parties to bring back Nepalese from not only the capital of Afghanistan but the entire nation.

The same has been going on in different parts of the world as Countries have started to openly fight for their land and the so-called injustice they have suffered from the other party. No sign of the UNO is being seen so far. As things start to get worse, news like the Taliban taking over the entire Afghanistan and even news such as Children being sent to the battlefield with weapons which has been in ‘Trend’ for a while now can be seen. The only thing we general public can hope for is that the situation will be in control as the current situation is already very worse and if another huge war breaks out, as the old people say, only God can save us.