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Do violent video games make people aggressive?
- Prashraya Shrestha - 26014, G ... 21 December, 2022

Video games have been a thing from 1958. Back then the games were usually light hearted and involved less brutality and violence. After an arcade game named death race got popular for its violence the popularity of violent games increased. Aggression is any behavior that aims to physically hurt a person or an animal. Aggression has been observed in humans and animals for many years. Aggression stems from stress, fear and anger and it is common in social animals.

Till today, there has been no evidence of violent video games making people more aggressive. Violence has been prevalent long before the first “violent video game” was even aired in arcades, though there have been studies that prove that the people who are born in a violent environment tend to be more aggressive, it is different from video games as video games are separated from reality and our consciousness knows that the violence these violent video games presents is not real. Same goes for TV shows and movies. But as the video games we play today have become more realistic and more immersive it can make an individual more aggressive but as said before there is no real evidence to back this claim up.

But this does not mean that violent video games do not cause an impact on our mental health. These types of video games can lead to addiction and separation from the real world by being deposited on video games. This can also cause health issues in the physical body if we play for long hours and can also result in long term injuries. Researchers have shown that people who play more FPS (First Person Shooter) video games are able to imagine 3D objects than an average person who does not play first person shooter video games. A study also shows that professional FPS gamers have faster reaction time. It also contributes to our teamwork, skills and our ability to work in a group, critical thinking, creativity, visual memory and strategizing. Research also proves that people who play video games have a better time processing information in a short period of time and also increases our visual memory.

In conclusion, there has been no real evidence that backs up this claim but there are some bad traits of playing video games for an extended period of time. Playing video games for an adequate amount of time can result in being beneficial from it.


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विवेक वाइबा लामा
- Krituka Sapkota - 25005, Grad ... 21 December, 2022

नेपालमा अहिलेको समयमा धेरै नयाँनयाँ संगीतकारहरू अघि आएका छन्न् र आफ्नो पहिचान आफैँले बनाउन सफल भएका छन्न् । नेपाली सांगीतिक क्षेत्रलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा पुर्‍याउन  पनि उहाँहरू  सफल हुनुभएकाे छ । त्यस्तै नेपालको एक प्रख्यात र साह्रै राम्रो संगीतकार रूपमा विवेक वाइबा लामा पनि हुनुहुन्छ । उनको जन्म वि.सं. २०५१ कार्तिक १७ भएको थियो । उनकी आमा अस्पतालमा काम गर्छिन् र उनका बुबा विशेष शिक्षा सञ्चालन गरेकाे विद्यालयका बस चालक भएर काम गर्थे । उनकाे परिवार मध्यम वर्गीय परिवार हाे । उनको परिवारमा विवेक,उनका दाजु र आमाबुबा हुनुहुन्छ । उनको परिवारलाई पैसाको धेरै अभाव थिएन तर पनि सानो सानो समस्या  त हुने गर्थ्याे । उनको बुबाकाे  स्वभाव कडा भएकाले मन पर्दैन थियाे । तर आमा भने सबभन्दा मिल्ने साथीजस्तै हुनुहुन्थ्याे । आफ्नी आमासँग भने सबै कुरा भन्ने गर्थे ।  उनलाई सानैदेखि सङ्गीतमा रुचि थियो र सधैँ उनको स्वरको प्रशंसा हुने गर्थ्याे । एक दिन उनी विद्यालयमा प्रधानाध्यापकले बाल कार्यक्रममा भाग लिने सुझाव दिनुभयाे र  त्यसपछि उनले रेडियो नेपालमा अडिसन दिन्छन् र उनी छनोट पनि हुन्छन् । उनले रेडियो नेपालमा गीत पनि गाउँछन् । गीत गाउँदा एक हजार रुपैयाँ पनि पाउँछन् । त्यसपछि उनी सङ्गीत सिक्न जोड दिन्छन् । उनले गितार बजाउन भने आफैँ सिक्छन् ।सङ्गीत सिकेपछि उनले विद्यालयमा उनले गितार बजाउने  गर्थे । उनको साङ्गीतिक जीवन अगाडि बढाउँदै लिने क्रममा नेपालकाे रियालिटी साे भ्वाइस अफ नेपालमा जान्छन् । उनी ब्लाइन्ड अडिसन हुँदै सेमिफाइनलसम्मकाे यात्रा पुग्छन् । उनले भ्वाइस अफ नेपालले गर्दा उनको साङ्गीतिक जीवन राम्रो भएको भनेर मान्ने गर्छन् । उनले भ्वाइसअफ नेपालमा गएर गीतको बारेमा धेरै कुरा सिकेका छन् । उनले त्यसपछि अरूले गाएको गीतलाई फेरि आफैँले गाएर युटुबमा हाल्ने गर्थे ।  तर पनि उनलाई अरूले गाएको गीत गाएर प्रसिद्ध भएको कुराले मन खुसी थिएन  र उनलाई मानिसहरूले अरूले गाएको गीतको नामबाट चिनिने गर्थे तर उनलाई आफ्नो गीतबाट चिनिने रहन हुन्छ  । उनले आफ्नो पहिलो सङ्गीत क्लस एक्स प्रेसेन्टएसनमा हस्ताक्षर भएपछि पहिलो डेब्यु गीत किन थियो र पहिलो रिलिज भएकाे गीत भने लइ बरी लई थियो ।  उनका अरू प्रख्यात गीतहरू  एक्लै जिउन सिके, सायदजस्ता  गीतहरू  प्रख्यात् छन् । उनले अझै पनि राम्रा राम्रा गीतहरू गाउँदै गएका छन् ।उनले आफ्नो एउटा लुगालाई आफ्नो तरिकाले डिजाइन गरेर बेच्ने गर्छन् ।   उनी एक राम्रो सङ्गीतकार मात्र नभएर एक सहयाेगी मान्छे पनि हुन् । उनी कहिले पनि अरूकाे नराम्रो सोच्दैनन् र सधैँ अरूलाई सहयोग गर्न अगि बढ्छन् ।
मैले एक सेलिब्रिटी मात्र नभएर एक साधारण मानिसको रूपमा पनि थोरै भए पनि चिनेकी छु । उहाँलाई  म दाजु भनेर बाेलाउने गर्छु । उनले सधैँ मसँग राम्ररी बोल्ने र मसँग राम्रो व्यवहार गर्छन् ।  नेपालमा मात्र नभएर दुबै, जापान, अष्ट्रेलिया जस्तै ठाउँहरूमा पनि कन्सर्ट गरेका छन् । उनले भर्खरै विदेशी सङ्गीतकार जेसन डेरुलोसँग पनि काम गरेका छन् । उनले सधैँ नेपाली सङ्गीतलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रियस्तरसम्म पुर्‍याउने कुरा गर्छन् र उनले धेरै मिहिनेत पनि गर्दैछन् । उनले क्लस यक्स प्रेसेन्टएसनमा अरू अन्य नयाँ आउँदै गरेका सङ्गीतकार तथा गायककारहरूलाई पनि बाटो देखाउन सहयोग गर्छन् । उनी  साह्रै रमाइलो गर्ने मान्छे हुन् ।  

मैले कुनै यस्तो राम्रो र नम्र मान्छे भेटेको थिइन । उनको सङ्गीतले मलाई पनि गाह्रो भएको समयमा सहयोग गरेको पनि छ । उनले कलाकारहरूको न्यायको लागि र उनीहरूसँग हुने दुर्व्यवहार भएको कुराको आवज पनि उठाउने गरेका छन् । मलाई यस्ताे लाग्छ नेपालले एक असल, सहयाेगी र कुशल सङ्गीतकार प्राप्त गर्दा गाैरव महसुस गरेकी छु । 
 


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Pushpa Basnet
- Nishan Shrestha - 25008, Grad ... 20 December, 2022

Pushpa Basnet is a famous personality and a role model renowned for her social and non-profit work. A savior of children behind the bars for no reason. Pushpa Basnet is the founder of the Early Childhood Development Centre (ECDC). She was born in 1984 in Kathmandu. She graduated from St. Xavier’s College. She started her career at the age of 21. As part of her college assignment, she visited the women's prison in Kathmandu. There in the prison she was concerned when she saw children living with their parents in the jail. Then she decided to start an organization. 
In 2005 she started a non-profit organization Early Childhood Development Center (ECDC) to provide a program to the children. During the 2015 earthquake, the building where the daycare was located collapsed as well as the Butterfly Home that was going under construction. But again on 3rd February 2016, she opened a residential home for kids as a day care for them also known as butterfly home. In the residential home, children get to play, go to school, and have a normal childhood like any other children. This also gives hope and motivation to the parents to continue to provide the children with the same treatment once they are out of the prison. Her organization focuses on children reuniting with their families. Till now, she has provided shelter to more than 100 children of imprisoned parents. She runs a day care center for the prison children and a residential home for older ones. Recognizing her effort many local organizations have pledged their help to raise funds for her social work. Major donations for ECDC have come from Shikshya Foundation Nepal and Sundar Sansar. In 2012, a local organization helped to raise 370,000 rupees for her organization through various national and international donation programs. In 2009 she started a program to coach parents to make handicrafts inside the prison. The main objective of the program was to make the female prisoners involved in income generating activities through which they could continue their livelihood and contribute towards their children. Her organization coordinates with prison administrators to rescue children behind bars throughout urban and rural areas of Nepal. She has contributed a lot for the childrens and old people. She was awarded with CNN Hero award 2012 on 2 December, 2012. In the interview with CNN she said "It's not fair for children to live in the prison because they haven't done anything wrong. My mission is to make sure no child grows up behind prison walls”. Since her 20’s Pushpa Basnet has been contributing for not only children but for the whole society. She has been the role model for the teenagers to help in social work. She has been a strong woman to fight for the children. Undoubtedly she is not only CNN’s but our hero as well.
References
(“ECDC”,Early Childhood Development Center)
https://ecdcnepal.org/pushpas-journey

“Pushpa Basnet: “No child should have to grow up behind bars.”” Nepal Live Today, 18 September 2021, https://www.nepallivetoday.com/2021/09/18/pushpa-basnet-no-child-should-have-to-grow-up-behind-bars/. Accessed 28 November 2022.
 


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भात खान पनि कसैले बिर्सन्छ ?
- Rushina Tamang - 26008, Grade ... 20 December, 2022

हिजो मैले धेरै गृहकार्य गर्नु थियो । त्यसैले स्कुलबाट घर फर्किने बित्तिकै मैले गृहकार्य गर्न थालेँ । राती १२ बजेसम्म सक्छु र त्यसपछि मात्र सुताैँला भन्ने आशामा धेरै छिटो छिटाे लेख्न थालेँ । मैले आठ विषयका गृहकार्य गर्नु थियाे । ती मध्ये एउटा गृहकार्य पूरा गर्न कम्तिमा २ घण्टा खर्च गर्नुपर्थ्यो । एउटा  विषयकाे गृहकार्य  पूरा गर्न त लगभग ३ घण्टा खर्च गर्नु परेकाे थियाे । राति ११ बजेसम्म मेरा आँखा बन्द गरेर सुत्न तयार थिए । तर पनि म लेखिरहेँ । राति ११ः४५ बजेसम्म मेरो शरीर पनि सुत्न तयार भइसकेको थियो तर म जागिरहन बाध्य भएँ । धेरै घण्टासम्म लेखेपछि मेरो औँलाहरू सुन्निन थालेका थिए । मेरो हात दुखिरहेको थियो ।  मेरो ढाड पनि दुखिरहेको थियो  । यति धेरै समयसम्म राती बसेकाे पहिलाेपल्ट थियाे । एकै स्थितिमा बसेका कारणले। तर म लेखिरहेँ ।

मलाई पटक्कै लेख्न मन लागेन । म गएर ओछ्यानमा सुत्न चाहन्थेँ, तर शिक्षककाे डरले मैले लेखिरहेँ । मेरो सातौं गृहकार्य लगभग सकिसकेपछि मेराे सबै गृहकार्य सकियाे भनेर ढुक्क भएँ । गृहकार्य पूरा गरेपछि  म सुत्न गएँ । भोली बिहान उठेर हेर्दा घडीमा त ८:०० पाे बजेको रहेछ । मैले छिटो छिटो सबै कुरा तयार पारेर स्कूल हिडेँ। स्कूलमा म आनन्दले बसिरहेकाे थिएँ । पहिलो कक्षा सुरु भयो। गुरुले सबैजनालाई गृहकार्य माग्दै हुनुहुन्थ्यो। मैले गृहकार्य सबै गरेको छु भन्नेमा ढुक्क थिएँ । कापी खोलेर हेर्दा त गृहकार्य नै थिएन। आफैँ झसँग भएँ । हिजो राति सातौँ विषयकाे गृहकार्य सक्काउँदा सक्काउँदै आठौँ गृहकार्य त गर्नै बिर्सेछु।

मैले गुरुलाई सबै साँचो कुरा भने र गृहकार्य गर्न बिर्सेको कुरा सुनाएँ । गुरुकाे मुख पुरै रातो भयो । “गृहकार्य गर्न बिर्सेँ रे ? भात ख़ान कहिले बिर्सिन्छस् ? हँ ! “ बिर्सिन्न गुरु ” मैले सोझो रूपमा जवाफ दिएँ। “अनि गृहकार्य गर्न किन बिर्सिस् त ?” गुरुले अझ ठुलो स्वरमा कराएर भन्नुभयो । मैले गुरुलाई हिजो कति धेरै गृहकार्य थियाे, गरेँ भन्ने ठानेकाे बिर्सेछु भने ।गुरुले भन्नुभयाे, “अरू विषयहरूको गृहकार्यले मलाई के ? मलाई मेरो विषयकाे गृहकार्य चाहियाे । जा बाहिर गएर कान समातेर उभिने, हिंस्रक जनावरकाे जस्तो रिसाएको मुख देखेर र जिउ नै थर्किने गरी कराएकाे आवाज  सुनेर कान छाेप्दै म चुपचाप बाहिर गएँ । मेराे मनमा पनि एक तमासकाे रिस उत्पन्न भयाे । आफैँ बरबराउन थालेँ ।  

“भात ख़ान पनी कसैले बिर्सिन्छ र ? भात खाएन भने मानिस कसरी बाँच्छ र ? बाँच्न पो भात खाइन्छ त । मान्छे नै बाँचेन भने गृहकार्य चै मेरो भूतले गर्छ ? भात खानु र गृहकार्य गर्नुमा कति भिन्नता छ ? शिक्षकहरूले सधैँ यो कारण दिएर गाली गर्नुहुन्छ । केही बोल्न खोज्यो भने उल्टै मुखमुखै लाग्छस् भनि गाली गर्नुहुन्छ। शिक्षकहरूले हामीलाई बोल्नै नदिएपछि कसरी हामीलाई ठुलो भएपछि आफ्नो लागि बोल्न सक्छाैँ । भात खाएन भने पो मरिन्छ त, गृहकार्य गरेन भने मरिन्छ त ? के मलाई एक दिन गृहकार्य गरेन भनि रोग लाग्छ र ? बाँच्नुपर्छ त्यसैले पो भात खान बिर्सिन्न त। झन् कहिले काहीँ त गृहकार्य गर्दागर्दै भात खान पनि बिर्सेकाे अवस्था छ । अनि हिजो त मैले भात खान पनि बिर्सेको थिएँ। बाहिर बसेर रिसको झोकमा मैले यही कुराहरू गुरुलाई भनेको कल्पना गर्दै थिएँ ।


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नेवारी संस्कृति ‘गुफा’
- Joya Shrestha - 25004, Grade ... 19 December, 2022

गुफा नेवारी परम्परामा एउटा कन्या केटी जसको महिनावारी भएको छैन उसलाई बाह्राैँ दिनसम्म एउटा अँध्याराे काेठामा बन्द गरिन्छ । त्यो कोठामा घामको किरण पनि छिर्नु हुँदैन । बाह्र दिनपछि त्यो कन्या केटीलाई सूर्यसँग बिहे गरिदिन्छन् । गुफालाई सूर्य दर्शन पनि भनिन्छ । हामी  नेवार्नीहरूको दोस्रो विवाह पनि हो । सूर्य कहिल्यै नमर्ने भएकाले गुफा पूरा गरिसकेकी नेवारी समुदायकी बालिकाकाे आफ्नो वास्तविक श्रीमानको मृत्यु भए पनि कहिल्यै विधवा बन्न सक्दैनन् भन्ने मान्यता पनि रहिआएकाे छ । केटीको महिनावारी सुरु हुनुभन्दा अघि अनिवार्य रूपमा सूर्यसँग विवाह गराउनुपर्छ । सूर्यसँग विवाह गरेपछि बालिकालाई खराब मानिसहरू र पुरुषहरूबाट बचाउँछ भन्ने जनविश्वास रहेकाे छ ।


 

पहिलो दिन सगुन दिएर भित्र्याइन्छ । हामीले त्याे समयमा आफ्ना दाजुभाइ र बाबालाई हेर्न मिल्दैन । दोस्राे दिन पनि केही गरिदैन, तेस्रो, चौथो दिन पनि केही गरिदैन, छैटाैँ दिनदेखि घरबाट फेरि सगुन दिने चलन छ  र त्यसपछि आफन्तहरू केही खाने कुरा पकाएर या केही सामान्य भाेज जस्तै गरेर भेट्न आउँछन् । चामलको पिठो तोरीको तेलमा मिसाएर शरीरमा लगाउँछन् । त्यसलाई “को” भनिन्छ । कसैकाे पुतली बारापासा राख्छन् भने कसैकाे राख्दैनन् । एघाराैँ दिनमा चाहिँ मामाघरबाट भोज पकाएर ल्याउनुपर्छ । जुन लुगा लगाएर गुफा बसेको हुन्छ  त्यो लुगा हामीले फाल्नुपर्छ । हामीले फेरि त्यही लगाउन मिल्दैन । बाह्राैँ दिनको बेला बेहुलीजस्तो बनाएर कोठाबाट निकालिन्छ । बाह्र दिनको दिन परिवारका सदस्यकाे धेरै महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ । हामीले त्यो दिन सूर्य भगवानसँग विवाह गर्छाैँ र परिवारमा भएका सबैको आफ्नाे आफ्नाे भूमिका हुन्छ । बुबाआमा र हजुरआमाको सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ । हजुरआमाले गणेश र सूर्यको पूजा गर्दा, केटीकी निनीले वा गुफामा बसेको साथीले उनलाई बाह्र दिनमा छोपेर अँध्यारो कोठाबाट बाहिर निकाल्छन् । हामीले  कुनै पनि सबभन्दा पहिले अरू केही नहेरेर सूर्यलाई हेर्नुपर्छ । सिन्दुर लगाएपछि विवाह भएको हो मानिन्छ । घरबाट र मामाघरबाट केटीलाई सगुन दिन्छन्। 


 

गुफा राख्दा  बालिकाको मृत्यु भएमा उसकाे लाशलाई  घरभित्रै गाड्नुपर्ने र उसको आत्माले घरमा सदाको लागि सताउने गरेको बुझिन्छ। नेवारी समुदायमा यस्ता धेरै घटनाहरू भएका छन् र मानिसहरूले त्यस्ताे घटनालाई ‘बारासी’ भनेर नाम दिएका छन् । माथि उल्लेख गरिएअनुसार ‘बारा’ नेवारी परम्परा हो र नेवारी भाषामा ‘सी’ को अर्थ मरेको हो, त्यसैले यसको मूल अर्थ ‘बाराको समयमा मृत्यु भएको व्यक्ति’ हो । धेरै केटीहरूले यी १२ दिनहरूमा आफ्ना अनुभवहरू सुनाउँछन्,जस्तैः छायाँ देख्नु वा उनीहरूसँग कोठामा कोही छ भन्ने महसुस गर्नु । केटीहरूले आफ्नो कपालमा तेल लगाइदिएकाे र कपाल बाटिदिएकाे तर उनीहरूले चाल नै नपाएकाे कुरा सुनाउँछन् । कसैले त अनौठो आवाज पनि सुनेको अनुभव सुनाउने गरेका छन् । यी सबै कारणले गर्दा आजकल केटीहरूलाई केही भइहाल्छ कि भन्ने डरले मानिसहरू १२ दिनको सट्टा २-३ दिन मात्र गुफा राख्ने गरेका छन् ।

 


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White Dwarf
- Sakshyam Karna - 26013, Grade ... 19 December, 2022

Like every other thing in this universe, stars also have their life cycle. The stars are formed from stellar nebulae when the gravitational pull becomes too big for it to withstand and it collapses. Then from the force of the collapse the material at the center heats ups and creates a prostar. It slowly heats up more and more and when it has enough heat it becomes a star. There are two types of stars that can be born from a stellar nebula, an average star and a massive star. But to learn about white dwarfs we only need to know about the average stars. These stars have a small amount of energy and they extinguish fast. After a few billion years the star becomes a red giant and grows to 800% of its original mass and starts burning fast for about 2 billion years. Then it runs out of gas and becomes a white dwarf.  Red dwarfs and other smaller stars are unable to develop into red giants. They just exhaust all of their hydrogen, turning into a faint white dwarf in the process. No red dwarfs have yet evolved into white dwarfs due to the fact that it takes them trillions of years to exhaust their fuel, which is much longer than the universe's age of 13.8 billion years.

When stars like our sun have used up all of their fuel, what is left are white dwarfs. They are low and medium mass stars' final detectable stage of development and are dense, dim stellar corpses. According to NASA, a low or medium mass star with a mass less than around 8 times that of the sun will eventually turn into a white dwarf while the majority of large stars will eventually go supernova. According to astronomers, the Milky Way's stars will eventually turn into white dwarfs in about 97% of cases. Despite being far smaller in size than our sun, a white dwarf is similar to Earth in terms of carbon and oxygen mass, according to New Mexico State University (NMSU). Red dwarfs and other smaller stars are unable to develop into red giants. They just exhaust all of their hydrogen, turning into a faint white dwarf in the process. No red dwarfs have yet evolved into white dwarfs due to the fact that it takes them trillions of years to exhaust their fuel, which is much longer than the universe's age of 13.8 billion years.
When a star runs out of fuel, the fusion process no longer pushes the star outward, and the star collapses inward on itself. According to Cosmos, the astronomy encyclopedia from Swinburne University in Australia, white dwarfs have around the same radius as Earth but roughly the mass of the sun. They are only surpassed in density by neutron stars and black holes, making them some of the densest objects in space. NASA estimates that a white dwarf's surface has a gravity 350,000 times greater than Earth's. In other words, a person weighing 150 pounds (68 kilograms) on Earth would weigh 50 million pounds (22.7 million kg) on a white dwarf's surface.

 


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Nirmal Purja: A Braveheart
- Niharika Chapagain - 25006, G ... 16 December, 2022

“Don’t be afraid to dream big. Doesn’t matter where you are from.” - Nirmal Purja

Nirmal Purja AKA Nims Dai was born in a small village of Nepal called Dana in Myagdi District in July 1983 AD. He is a fearless and brave Nepali mountaineer who embarked on an “impossible” journey to summit all of the 14 peaks of 80,000 meters in the world in 7 months. [1] He lived in Dana with his three older brothers and their parents. When he was 4 years old, the family moved to Chitwan. His father was a Gurkha soldier while his mother came from a farming background. His parents belonged to different Nepali ethnic groups so their relationship was always disapproved of by the society. Struggling through financial difficulties and social pressure, Nirmal Purja was raised by his parents. [2] Since childhood, his dream was not to be a mountaineer but to be a Gurkha in the British army inspired by his father and brothers. His three older brothers were also Gurkha and they were the ones who had supported Purja to study in an English boarding school.

Finally his dream came true when he joined the Brigade of Gurkha in 2003 at the age of 18. Then after 6 years with the Gurkhas, he was transferred to the Royal Navy’s Special Boat Service (SBS) in 2009. [1] The main turn point in his life was when he fell in love with mountain climbing in 2012 after his journey to Everest Base Camp. After his love for mountain climbing grew, he resigned from SBS and focused on training for mountaineering. Then slowly he started to summit mountains like Lobutche, Dhaulagiri and Mount Everest. After climbing these mountains, he realized that he was good at altitude. Hence the idea of summiting 14 mountains in 7 months came to him. As everyone called his idea impossible, he named his project, “Project Possible”. And then started the preparations for his project. [2]

Purja is an exceptional mountaineer. His body can operate at extremely high levels, work for a long time and in uttermost circumstances. The Project led by him started in April, 2019 and ended in October, 2019. Though almost everyone had disbelieved him and his project, at the end he was able to complete his target in just six months and six days. He broke six world records after the completion of Project Possible.[1] The details about Project Possible have been documented as a Netflix documentary named 14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible. The documentary was launched on 29 November, 2021. Even after completing such a project, he didn’t stop. In January, 2021, he went to make another history by climbing K2, second highest mountain of Earth, in harsh weather conditions during winter. For his achievements, The Guiness World Record has awarded him 4 awards and his documentary has been nominated in Outstanding Music Composition in Emmy Awards.[3] [4] Purja has contributed a lot for the recognition of Nepal and Sherpas who climb the mountains, and he is continuing to do so.


References:
1. Pelling, Oliver, “
Meet the man who climbed 14 mountains in six months and stunned the world”, Red Bull, 27th September, 2019

2. Bliss, Dominic, “How a Nepali climber with a "freakish physiology" stormed the world of high-altitude mountaineering”, Adventure, National Geographic, 12th January, 2021  

3.  “Nirmal Purja's 'Fourteen Peaks' nominated for Emmy Awards”, Entertainment and Lifestyle, Nepal News, 14th, July 2022

4. “Mountaineer Nirmal Purja bags four GWR awards”, Republica, 22nd March, 2022

 


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रोबोटको नकारात्मक प्रभाव
- Riddhis Sharma - 26006, Grade ... 16 December, 2022

राेबाेट मानवले बनाएकाे एक महत्त्वपूर्ण अपलब्धि मानिन्छ । विज्ञानले बनाएकाे चमत्कारी उदाहरण पनि हाे । अहिलेको प्राविधिक युगमा प्रविधिकाे विकासले सामान्य मानिसको जीवनमा पनि अत्यन्त ठूलो प्रभाव पारेको छ । यसले हाम्रो दैनिक क्रियाकलापमा पनि प्रभाव पारेको छ । हामी सबैलाई थाहा नै भएको कुरा हो, प्रविधिकाे विकासले हाम्रो काम सहज, सरल र छरिताे बनाउने गर्दछ । विज्ञानकाे विकास यति छिटो भइरहेको छ कि अहिले केही क्षेत्रमा भने मानवले बनाएका रोबोटहरूले काम गरिरहेका छन् । यसले मानिसहरूको काम सहज बनाउँछ र अरू क्षेत्रमा विकास गर्न समय दिन्छ ।  तर, के यो राम्रो कुरा हो त ? मेरो विचारमा त हैन किनकि, यस्ता आविष्कारहरूले काम गर्न त सहज बनाउँछन्, तर कयौँ मानिसहरूको जीविकोपार्जन गर्ने बाटो बन्द गरिदिन्छन् । प्रविधिकाे विकासलाई मैले नराम्रो भन्न खोजेको हैन । यस्तो काममा रोबोटहरूकाे प्रयाेग गर्नु राम्रो हैन । अहिलेको समयमा मानवले रोबोट मानिसदेखि कुकुरसम्म बनाएका छन् । यी रोबोटहरू मानव जसरी कुरा मात्र नभएर गणितका कठिन कठिन प्रश्नहरूका पनि सजिलैसँग उत्तर दिन सक्छन् । यस्ता कुरा आजकाे समयमा राम्रा देखिए पनि विज्ञानको गतिशिल विकासका कारणले यी रोबोटहरूले केही वर्षको अवधिमा मानिसले गर्ने सबै कामहरू यिनीहरूले नै गर्छन् ।  यसरी रोबोटले काम गर्न सके भने रोबोटले आफैेँ अर्को रोबोट बनाउन सक्छन् । रोबोटले आफूजस्तै अरू रोबोट बनाउन सके मानवले रोबोटलाई नियन्त्रणमा राख्न सक्दैन । रोबोटमा यदि चेतनाको विकास भयाे भने रोबोटहरू मानव नियन्त्रणमा रहन सक्दैनन् । यिनीहरूले  मानिसहरूमाथि प्रहार पनि गर्न सक्छन् । यसले गर्दा मानव जाति अन्त्यको एक कारण हुन सक्छ। त्यसैले मेरो विचारमा मानिसले रोबोट बनाए पनि यसको अत्याधिक प्रयोग नगरी  आवश्यकताका आधारमा  यसको उत्पादन गर्नुपर्छ । 


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चुनावी प्रक्रिया
- Samip Aryal - 25014, Grade X ... 15 December, 2022

चुनावमा मानिसहरूले आफूलाई चाहेको चुनावमा उठेको प्रतिनिधिलाई भोट दिन्छन् । मानिसहरूलाई चुनावमा भोट दिने अधिकार छ । हामीले आफ्नाे अधिकारकाे प्रयाेग सघं, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहमा प्रयाेग गर्न पाउछाैँ । चुनावले राज्यमाथि काम गर्ने जिम्मेवार व्यक्तिकाे छनाेट गर्दछ । यसले लोकतन्त्रलाई बलियो बनाउने काम पनि गर्दछ । यसले शान्ति स्थापना गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ । हामीले चुनावबाट हाम्राे र राम्राे सरकारलाई प्राप्त गर्दछाैँ । भाेट हाल्नका लागि १८ बर्षभन्दा बढीको हुनुपर्छ र हामीसित आफ्नाे मतदाता परिचय पत्र पनि हुनुपर्छ ।

चुनाव हाम्राे स्थानीय ठाउँमा प्रायः सबैलाई सजिलाे हुने गरी छनाेट गरेको हुन्छ । चुनाव सञ्चालनका लागि विद्यालय तथा अन्य सार्वजनिक ठाउँमा पनि मतदान केन्द्र स्थापना गरेकाे हुन्छ ।


अरू ठाउँमा पनि गर्न सकिन्छ । चुनावमा सबैको सल्लाहमा कुन ठाउँमा मतदान केन्द्र राख्दा उपयुक्त हुन्छ,त्यसकै आधारमा तय हुन्छ । मतदाता नामावलीमा  स्थानीय ठाउँमा बस्ने मान्छेको नाम हुन्छ । ककसले भाेट गर्न मिल्छ भनेर त्यसमा राखेकाे हुन्छ । चुनावमा अर्को महत्त्वपूर्ण कुरा भनेकाे परिचय पत्र हो । यो पत्रमा चुनावमा भाेट दिने मानिसहरूको नाम, बस्ने ठाउँ, त्यो मानिसकाे फाेटाे र अरू चाहिने कुराहरू राखिएकाे हुन्छ । हामीले चुनावी परिचय पत्रबिना भाेट गर्न पाउदैनाैँ। अर्को चुनावमा चाहिने भनेको कुरा मतपेटिका हो । यसमा चाहिँ भाेटदिने मानिसहरूले आफ्नो भाेट हाल्न मिल्छ । अर्को चुनावमा चाहिने कुरा भनेकाे मतपत्र हो । यो पत्रमा चाहिँ हामीले स्वस्तिक चिह्नकाे छाप लगाउने हो र यो पत्रमा कुनै पार्टीको वा स्वतन्त्रहरूकाे आआफ्ना चुनाव चिह्नहरू हुन्छन् । चुनावमा प्रतिनिधि बन्नका लागि निम्न कुराहरू पुगेकाे हुनुपर्छ । 
१) एउटा नेपाली नागरिक हुनुपर्छ ।
२) प्रतिनिधि सभाका लागि २५ वर्ष र राष्ट्रिय सभाका लागि ३५ वर्ष उमेर पूरा भएकाे हुनुपर्छ ।
३) कुनै पनि अपराधी काममा  संलग्न भएकाे हुनुहुँदैन ।

राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपति बन्नकाे लागि ४५ बर्ष उमेर पुगेका हुनुपर्छ । प्रदेश  सभाको सदस्य हुनको लागि २५ बर्ष पुगेकाे हनुपर्छ र अध्यक्ष, उपाध्यक्ष, मेयर, उपमेयर आदि हुनको लागि २१ बर्ष उमेर पुगेकाे हुनुपर्छ ।

चुनावअगाडी हामीले चुनावमा भाेट हाल्ने उमेर पुगेका मानिसहरूलाई भाेट हाल्न मतदाता नामावलीमा नाम दर्ता गर्न आग्रह गर्नुपर्छ । उनीहरूलाई मताधिकार भनेकाे सबभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण कुरा हाे भनि सम्झाउनुपर्छ । यसरी काेही नछुटुन् र सबैले आफूले चाहेकाे प्रतिनिधि छनाेट गर्ने अवसर प्राप्त गर्न सकुन् भन्ने कुराकाे पनि जानकारी गराउनुपर्छ । सभ्य समाज र सुशासनयुक्त शासन व्यवस्थाकाे प्राप्तिकाे लागि हाम्राे हाेइन राम्राे जनप्रतिनिधि छनाेट गर्ने अवसर गुमाउनु हुँदैन ।


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Are individuals with mental illness treated equally by society?
- Surabhi Ghimire - 26012, Grad ... 15 December, 2022

Mental illnesses are disorders related to the brain which can transpire in a person at any time. These diseases arise due to various reasons. For instance, family issues, overthinking, puberty, bullying, and cyberbullying. Mental disorders in society are confounded. A group of multiple neighborhoods indicates more individuals and different viewpoints. A prosperous character sees a thrown item as rubbish. An abandoned/homeless person behaves towards it like treasure. 50% of the civilization has been diagnosed with a mental disorder. A ton of people are recognized to be ignoring the result/happening of these illnesses. Without a doubt, these disorders are crucial and can originate effortlessly.

Analyzing the current situation,  people who know about mental health most take it as being weak. I organized a chart on a social media account and asked strangers for their opinion. Although most agreed that it is a crucial topic, some accused the origin of mental illness of people being vulnerable or sensitive. There are stages of the symptoms of mental illnesses. It can get severe. Not one article I’ve read mentions the tiredness mental disorders can cause. For example, it can get as bad as not being able to brush your teeth daily or clean your room. In this case, perspective matters. Someone struggling with a mental disorder might find it hard to do day-to-day activities such as eating, cleaning, hygiene, and taking proper care of themselves. People supporting the awareness of mental disorders can also find it impractical. It may be from a lack of knowledge or simply judging. In my opinion, some people with mental illness need extra attention and care. Most teens today have severe symptoms of mental disorders. Society sees a child facing problems with their mental health as fake as if they are faking it for attention. Faking mental illness or sadness can also be a big sign of mental illness. It provokes the idea that the child faking mental illness to get attention has always been pushed away or ignored by their parents.  Again, society sees an older person suffering as “irresponsible” or “sensitive.” My point is that society’s opinions do not matter. You can move forward with small steps, even if it means brushing your teeth.

The main problem of society is not believing mental illnesses exist unless they have been through it. Example, phrases like “Stop being lazy.” If it is well-known that people you are claiming to be “lazy” are suffering from a disease it is immoral to say such things to them. Looking at another side of the story, not everyone is educated about mental illnesses since it is still not labeled as an important topic by individuals. The generation gap and the family environment may be why most don't know about it. To summarize, mental disorders are overlooked by society. It is considered sensitive and lazy by most of them. They are treated as simply being sad and not diseases. They get surprised when people don't brush their teeth but still have not realized that many people commit due to mental illnesses.

 


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पीडित श्याम
- Sakshyam Karna - 26013, Grade ... 14 December, 2022


मेरो नाम श्याम हो । म अहिले २१ वर्षको भएँ । केही वर्षअघिकाे कुरा हाे, मेरो जीवनमा एउटा नराम्राे घटना घटेकाे थियाे । मेरा आमाबुबा धनी हुनुहुन्थ्याे । उहाँहरूले मलाई धेरै महँगो उपहार दिनुहुन्थ्याे । आमाबुबाले मलाई सबैभन्दा महँगो उपहार दिए पनि उहाँहरू वास्तवमा म के गरिरहेकाे छु र कसरी हुर्किरहेकाे छु भन्ने समयमा हुनुहुन्थेन । उहाँहरू सधैँ आफ्नै काममै व्यस्त रहनुहुन्थ्याे । मेराे अधिकांश समय खेल्ने सामग्रीहरूसँग खेल्दै बित्थ्याे । एक दिनकाे कुरा हाे, आफ्नाे कार्यालयबाट आमाबुबा दुवै चाँडै घर आउनुभयो र मलाई एउटा खुसीको खबर सुनाउनुभयो । आमाले मलाई भन्नुभयो अब तिमीसँग एउटा भाइ आउँछ र त्याे तिम्राे साथी पनि हुन्छ । त्यो खबर सुनेर म अत्यन्त खुसी भएँ । भाइ पाएपछि म पनि एक्लै नहुने भएकाले खुसी भएँ । पछि मात्र थाहा पाएँ गाउँबाट छिमेकी काकाकाे छाेरा रहेछ । मैले घरमा बसेर पनि कसैसँग खेल्न पाउने भएँ भनेर रमाउँदै बसेँ । मलाई पनि भाइ भइदिएकाे भए हुन्थ्याे भन्ने लाग्थ्याे । हप्ता दिनपछि गाउँबाट भाइ पनि आइपुग्यो । उसको नाम राम रहेछ । ऊ अलिकति लजालु स्वभावकाे रहेछ । तर केही समयपछि ऊ मसँग राम्ररी बोल्न र खेल्न थाल्यो । ऊ मभन्दा केही महिना मात्र कान्छाे रहेछ । ऊ र म अति नै मिलेर, रमाएर बस्थ्याैँ, खेल्थ्याैँ ।  राम र म धेरै मिल्ने हुन थाल्यौँ । हामी सधैँ जे पनि सँगै गर्थ्याैँ । आमाबुबा घरमा नहुने बेला पनि हामी खेल्दै बस्थ्यौँ । केही महिनापछिकाे कुरा हाे एक दिन राम अचानक मसँग रिसायो र बोल्न नै छोड्यो । मैले उसलाई केही पनि गरेको थिइन । तर पनि ऊ मसँग नबोलेको देखेर छक्क परेँ । केही दिनपछि मेरो जीवनमा फेरि पहिलेझैँ भयो ।  मसँग बोल्ने र खेल्ने मान्छे काेही थिएन । बिस्तारै रामले घरको सामानहरू आफैँ बिगारेर मलाई नै दोष लगाउन थाल्यो र बिगारेकाे काम जति मैले नै गरेको हो भनेर आमाबुवालाई कुरा लाउने गर्थ्याे । रामले गर्दा मैले धेरै गाली खान थालेँ । घरमा यस्ता घटनाहरू निरन्तर हुन थालेपछि कसैसँग बोल्न नै मन लागेन । विद्यालयमा मेरा धेरै साथीहरू नै थिएनन् । एकदिन म पढ्ने कक्षामा हरि नाम गरेको एउटा नयाँ विद्यार्थी आयो ।  ऊ केही दिनपछि मेरो सबैभन्दा मिल्ने साथी बन्याे । हरि र म सधैँ सँगै बस्ने गर्थ्याैँ  र म सधैँ हरिसँग धुम्न जान्थेँ । एक दिन रामले र हरीलाई मसँगै हिडेकाे देख्यो र उसले हरिलाई मबाट टाढा गर्न खोज्दै थियाे । मैले रामलाई फोनमा कसैसँग कुरा गरिरहेकाे सुनेँ र उसले मलाई नै मेरै घरबाट निकाल्ने रे । म त्यो कुरा सुनेपछि एकछिन त आत्तिएँ । त्यो कुरा मैले तुरुन्तै आमाबुवालाई भनेँ। मैले भनेको कुरा आमाबुबाले पत्याउनुभयो र रामलाई फिर्ता पठाउनुभयो। केही महिनासम्म मेरो दैनिकी राम्ररी नै बितिरहेकाे थियाे । राम पनि मेरो घरबाट अर्थात् जीवनबाट नै गयाे भन्ने कुरामा आनन्दित भएँ । तर केही महिनापछि म विद्यालयबाट घर जानेबेला रामलाई पो घरको सोफामा बसिरहेको देखेँ । उसलाई देखेर म तर्सेँ । ऊ अचानक हाँस्न थाल्यो र मलाई भन्न थाल्याे कि "तिमी धनी छौ । तिमीलाई धेरै ठुलाे सहयाेग गरेँ र तिम्राे परिवारलाई पनि ठुलाे सहयाेग गरेँ आज तिम्राे कारणले गर्दा म यता न उताकाे मान्छे बनेकाे छु ।  म पनि तिम्रो जीवनलाई नरक बनाउने छु।” मैले उसकाे कुरा सुनेर तर्सेँ  र आँखाभरि आँसु पारेर आमाबुबालाई भनेँ ।  आमाबुबाले सम्झाउनुभयाे । केही दिनपछि म र हरि घुम्न जानेबेला रामले अचानक हामीमाथि हमला गर्यो । वरिपरि भएका मानिसहरूले रामलाई समातेर प्रहरीलाई बुझायाे र हरि त्यो घटनामा सामान्य घाइते भयाे । त्याे दिनदेखि रामसँग भेट भएकाे छैन ।


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Anuradha Koirala
- Aarav BC - 25001, Grade X on ... 14 December, 2022

Anuradha Koirala Gurung is a social activist and the founder of the organization “Maiti Nepal” which fights against human trafficking and which fights for the favor of innocent women.[2] But Anuradha Koirala is more than that, she is a strong woman, she is an idol of millions of people, she is a savior of lives, she is a hero. Her deeds and her way of thinking really inspires me to do better in life.

Anuradha Koirala was born on April 14 1949 A.D , in the Okhaldhunga district of Nepal. She was born to Pratap Singh Gurung and Lakshmi Devi Gurung. She belonged to an educated family so she did not have much problems with education growing up. After that she spent 20 years teaching. She taught English in many schools of Kathmandu.[1] After 20 years of teaching Anuradha Koirala established an organization called “Maiti Nepal” in 1993 A.D. Maiti Nepal is a non-profit organization whose main objective is to fight against human trafficking and protect the lives of vulnerable and innocent. Not only that but Maiti Nepal actually helps for the rehabilitation of the victims by providing them  food, shelter, proper health care and proper education. Maiti Nepal’s vision is “A society free from sexual and other forms of exploitation against children and women.”[3] Since 1993 till date Maiti Nepal has rescued and rehabilitated  more than 50,000 women and young girls. [1]

Anuradha Koirala is also a member of Nepali Congress Party. She joined the Nepali Congress in November 2017. Since then she also has contributed a lot from the party. Since 1993 A.D, Anuradha has received many awards and recognitions. Anuradha received The Best Social Worker of the Year Award  in 1998,the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey Foundation in 2006, German UNIFEM Prize in 2007 and Queen Sofia Silver Medal Award in 2007. She received The Mother Teresa award in 2014 A.D and was granted the Padma Shri award (India’s fourth highest civilian award).
She has also received USD 100,000 to continue her work with Maiti Nepal, in addition to USD 25,000 as a token of appreciation from CNN.[1]

Truly Anuradha is one of the greatest pride of Nepal. This was all possible due to her dedication, her hard work, her love for her country, her sympathy for the victims, her way of thinking, her hatred against crimes and criminals and many more. No one can be successful if they don’t have these characteristics. And the most important factor for her gaining success was not giving up. No matter what happened Anuradha did not give up because she knew that the road to success is not an easy road to travel, it is filled with obstacles on each turn. The main thing that drove her to this path of success was her love for humans, children and womens, it was her sympathy for those women living in a male dominant society. And in the same male dominant society, Anuradha a female rose up, she raised her voice against female abuse, domestic violence, sexual harrasment, human trafficking. It is truly a matter of bravery that Anuradha Koirala did. 
WORK CITED
[1] “Anuradha Koirala”. Wikipedia, Oct 14 2022, p.1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradha_Koirala

[2] “Founder’s Biography”. Maiti Nepal.
https://maitinepal.org/menu_menagement/founders-biography/

[3] “Introduction”. Maiti Nepal.
https://maitinepal.org/menu_menagement/introduction/

 


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