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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Roji Gurung - 26007, Grade IX ... 17 February, 2023

In simple words, Disorder means difficulty in functioning due to an illness. There are many common disorders. Body Dysmorphic Disorder is one of them. BDD or dysmorphophobia are other names for body dysmorphic disorder. Oxford dictionary has defined it as “A mental condition characterized by extreme preoccupation with self-perceived defects in the appearance of the body, leading to distress and impairment of social and occupational functioning.” Enrico Morselli made the initial discovery of it in 1891. This disorder affects one's life terribly as it is uncontrollable. People having this phobia have a hard time accepting them as who they are. They find it extremely difficult to accept their appearance. They think a lot about their appearance and on how to look good, These people think a lot about their appearance which  may lead to having depression, suicidal thoughts which can result in many harmful behaviours like self-harm. BDD can affect people of any age but it is more prevalent in adolescent and young adults, People who suffer from this disorder have an obsessive concern in their appearance and comparing their appearance with others. Both men and women are impacted by this phobia. A person with BDD places a lot of attention on their appearance and body image. If you have this disorder you would constantly check yourself in the mirror, you spent hours grooming yourself. You would not care about your work and stare at yourself figuring out how to look all day long which affects the ability to do your regular work. Some major symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder are:


 

  • Comparing your appearances with others all the time,
  • Always asking others if they think you look alright,
  • Trying different types of chemical products in your skins to make it look good,
  • Worrying excessively about a certain body part, particularly your face,
  • Having a sensation of fear and depression. 


 

If these symptoms are seen you may have a BDD. People suffering from this disorder may even try to seek help from surgeons trying to look good by spending money to look good through plastic surgeries. It may occur from an early teenage age. It is also a genetic problem. Past trauma’s like abuse, bullying can  cause this problem. Recent study has shown that 70 % of people suffering this disorder have a history of being abused as a child. An expert in mental health will make a diagnosis of BDD based on your symptoms and how much they interfere with your life. BDD cannot be cured, however treatments like therapy can lessen its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment initiation may also be helpful in some cases. But if your symptoms are more serious than you should get a CBT and a SSRI. Combining Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) gives you a few punches to the powerful symptoms making it slowly die. If you show any symptoms of BDD you should immediately consult with a doctor and check if you really have this disorder, If yes you should start taking treatment so that it would not worsen in the future. 

References: 


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The Deep Web
- Manaswi Sapkota - 26004, Grad ... 15 February, 2023

Search engines such as Google and Bing are useful inventions of time. With these search engines we can search up anything we need, they help us navigate the internet. Only 4% of the internet is on Google due to which there are still places on the internet that Google cannot reach. “Dark Web” and “Deep Web” are a part of them.

The Deep web is the place on the internet that can be used to browse anonymously. It is not accessible through Chrome, Edge or Safari; rather, it can only be accessed through “Tor” which stands for The Onion Router. The Deep web has an absurd amount of information and data (96%). It can be accessed anonymously causing there to be both bad and good things lurking in it.  

Just like the Deep Web there exists the Dark Web. The difference between these two webs is that the Dark Web is a fraction of the Deep web. The Dark web is completely cut out from most search engines and just like the Deep web is only accessible through certain lesser known browsers. The Dark Web operates completely anonymously causing many illegal activities to be done there. In these websites you can find stolen credit cards, stolen paypal accounts, stolen IDs, etc for sale. The Dark Web is also used for extortion. Many transactions related to illegal substances are available on the Dark Web. Fake Identity, weapons, drugs, etc are also sold in these marketplaces. Illegal pornography such as child pornography is found in the Dark web. Most of these websites have been taken down but there are still some websites lurking around, going unnoticed by the authorities. These marketplaces do not provide security to their users and they can be shut down at any point by authorities. In the past two years it has been confirmed that there are 38 active dark web marketplaces. These markets are similar to any other e-store. You can buy a product and leave a review. You can ask the seller questions and request things as you like. To perform transactions mostly bitcoin is used. That is due to its flexibility and anonymity. Bitcoin is usually used for illegal activities or cyber attacks due to their anonymity and that is the name for these marketplaces.

Let’s move on to the differences between all the three types of web. The Surface Web is easily accessible, it's the regular web you use for most daily activities. The Deep Web isn’t easily accessible, they consist of more information on certain people, companies, businesses, etc. The surface web doesn’t have any of that deep, further information.

The Deep Web and The Dark Web have a single big difference. The Dark Web is the smallest portion of the Deep Web. It is only 0.01% of the deep web. The Dark web is more anonymous and has much more dangerous content. But not all dark web sites are illegal. Many organizations have mirror sites where many insiders can relay information about their company  freely. Even facebook has a mirror site. The Deep Web itself isn’t dangerous to use but there are certainly precautions to be taken. Using antivirus software, a VPN, and 2-Factor authentication is quite useful. 


Resources: 
https://vpnoverview.com/privacy/anonymous-browsing/deep-web/
https://eu.tennessean.com/story/money/tech/2014/05/02/jj-rosen-popular-search-engines-skim-surface/8636081/
 


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भोलि के होला ?
- Rushina Tamang - 26008, Grade ... 14 February, 2023

किन नसुतेको छोरा ?

भोलि निद्रा पूर्ण नहोला,

तिमीलाई आनन्दले सुत्न न दिने,

के कुरा तिम्रो दिमागमा चलिरहेको होला ?


 

ल, भन मलाई छोरा,

तिम्रो दिमागमा के चलिरहेकाे होला ?

भोलि नयाँ स्कुल जाने म

मेरो दिन कस्तो होला ?


 

उत्तर यसकाे छैन छोरा,

भाेलिकाे दिन कस्ताे हाेला

भन्ने कुरा छाेडाैँ न त,

के भोली मैले साथी बनाउँछु होला ?


 

उत्तर यसकाे छैन छोरा,

के तिमीले भोलि साथी बनाउँछाै हाेला ?

साथीको कुरा छाेडाैँ न त,

के मैले राम्ररी पढ्न सक्छु होला ? 


 

उत्तर यसकाे छैन छोरा,

के तिमी राम्ररी पढ्न सक्छौ होला ?

कुनै प्रश्नको उत्तर नभए,

म भोलि स्कुल कसरी जान सक्छु होला ?


 

उत्तर म भन्न सक्दिनँ होला, 

तर, उत्तर तिमी भित्र छ छोरा। 

भोलि तिम्रो दिन कस्तो होला ? 

यो तिमीमाथि भर पर्छ छोरा । 



 


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Is Suicide Selfish?
- Aayusi Shrestha - 26002, Grad ... 13 February, 2023

There are a lot of misconceptions about suicide and people calling it selfish is one of them. These false beliefs make it more difficult for the person suffering and makes them scared or helpless to get help or support. In my opinion suicide is not selfish at all. By that I am not encouraging people to suicide but I am tired of people assuming or saying suicide is selfish. A lot of people I have met in real life or even people online agree that suicide is selfish. However, I don’t. A lot of people think suicide is selfish because to the people who lose their loved ones because of suicide it may lead to anger and frustration. However, majority of the people who commit suicide don’t do so because they do not care about people who are in their life. Most of the time they are in so much pain that they feel like suicide is the only option to end their pain.

Suicide is frequently characterized as a selfish act by plenty of people. After all, why would anyone wish to cause unimaginable sorrow and suffering for their surviving loved ones? We must recognize as a society that mental health often lead to suicide. Suicide may seem to be the only option for someone who can no longer stand the emotional torment they are going through. Many people who are considering to commit suicide or are having suicidal thoughts are unable to access the resources that will enable them to live long and fulfilling lives. People struggle with their thoughts and feelings as a result. Their capacity for making decisions is frequently impaired, which might result in suicide attempts. Even in Nepal there are not a lot of Suicide Prevention Lifelines. Suicidal individuals are very concerned about their relatives and friends. They can think it would be simpler for their loved ones if they weren't around, or that they are a burden. It would not be deemed selfish to think in this manner. Additionally, most people who have suicidal thoughts do so as a result of trauma, and frequently, their families are the ones who traumatize them, so we can't really describe them as selfish. Suicide is not a choice, thus society needs to stop labeling it as selfish. Just as people do not choose to experience physical discomfort or illnesses like cancer or corona, neither do they choose to experience mental illnesses. By promoting the discrimination and stereotypes around suicide, calling it selfless could prevent someone from getting help when they most need it. Instead than criticizing suicide as selfish, we ought to support those who are considering suicide. We should make a secure environment for them. The burden placed on those who suffer with suicidal thoughts has to be lessened, not increased. If you or someone you know is experiencing suicide thoughts, you should go to the nearest urgent care right away or dial the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. We ought to visit a psychiatrist as well. Finally, I want to emphasize that we should all avoid making misconceptions about suicide and instead support people who are going through hard times and diagnosed with mental disorders.
 


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धर्म आस्था र यथार्थ
- Prashraya Shrestha - 26014, G ... 10 February, 2023

हिन्दु धर्म सबैभन्दा पहिला सुरु भएको दर्शन र साझा अवधारणाहरू, अनुष्ठानको एक दायराद्वारा चिन्हित विचारको एक प्रणाली हो । यो धर्ममा वेद, गीता, महाभारत जस्तै धेरै ग्रन्थहरू रहेका छन् । यी ग्रन्थहरूमा विभिन्न कथालगायत संस्कृत मन्त्रहरू रहेका छन्।  हिन्दु धर्ममा धेरै देवीदेवताहरू मान्ने गरिन्छ वा पुज्ने गरिन्छ । सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण देवता  ब्रह्मा, विष्णु र महेश्वर हुन् ।अतः एउटा हिन्दु धर्मको अनुनायीको लक्ष्य ब्रम्हसँग एक हुने हो। एउटा हिन्दु ब्रम्हासँग एक हुन आफ्नो धर्म पूरा गर्नुपर्छ । यस्तै हरेक धर्ममा पनि यस्ताे हुने गर्छ । मैले भने विशेषतः हिन्दु धर्मसँग केन्द्रित बनेकाे छु ।  
मेरो विचारमा यी सबै वेद, गीता, मन्त्र र देवताहरू सबै एउटा कथाको रुपमा प्रस्तुत भएका विचारधारा र पात्र मात्र हुन् । यी विचारधारा, कथा र मन्त्रको रूपमा पारित गर्न सजिलो भएका कारण यी विचारधारालाई कथा र मन्त्रहरूमा परिवर्तन गरिएको मात्र हो । हामीले भागवत गीतालाई नै एउटा उदहारणको रूपमा लिन सक्छौँ । भागवत गीता कृष्ण र अर्जुनको बीचमा संवाद हो । यो संवादको परिवेश महाभारतको युद्धभूमिमा रहेकाे छ ।   जब, अर्जुन आफ्नो धर्मको बारेमा प्रस्ट थिएन । त्यति बेला कृष्णले धर्मको महत्त्व बुझाएर अर्जुनलाई धर्मको पक्षमा पारे र अन्तिममा धर्मको नै विजय भयो । भागवत गीताबाट हामीले हाम्रो दैनिक जीवनमा धर्म धेरै महत्त्वपूर्ण छ र धर्मलाई अँगाल्नु नै जीवनमा सफलता प्राप्त गर्ने एकमात्र तरिका हो भनेर सन्देश पाउन सक्छौँ । यो केही  हदसम्म ठिक पनि हो ।  एउटा विद्यार्थीले पढेर मात्र समाजलाई केही योगदान दिन सफल हुन्छ । त्यसै गरी एउटा आमाले आफ्नो पुत्रलाई जन्म दिएपछि उसले समाजमा असल र सफल बनाउन सधैँ लागिरहन्छिन् । एउटा शिक्षकले आफ्नो विद्यार्थीलाई सफल बनाउन हरेक किसिमकाे काेसिस गरेकाे हुन्छ । हरेका व्यक्तिहरूको आफ्नाे धर्मअनुसारकाे कर्म हुने गर्छ । हाम्रो समाज सही रूपमा चल्नका लागि हामीले कर्तव्य पूरा गर्नुपर्छ ।  
निष्कर्षमा यी सबै ग्रन्थमा भएका राम्रा कुराहरू सिक्नुपर्छ र हाम्रो जीवनमा सधैँ अपनाउनुपर्छ।  यसर्थ धर्म भनेकाे आस्था त हाे नै तर त्याेभन्दा बढी उसकाे चरित्र र व्यवहार हाे भन्ने बिर्सनु हुँदैन ।
 


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Things are Not Always What They Seem
- Samip Aryal - 25014, Grade X ... 10 February, 2023

Once upon a time there was a village named Warlington which was surrounded by a dense and large forest. Fog surrounded the forest at all times so it was hard for people to travel through it. The villagers who lived in the village would go in a team of people to go through the forest. There was a rumor that if you went inside the forest alone you would get lost in it.

Warlington was a peaceful village, everyone in that village helped each other. The whole village was a big family. There lived a family of three which included a father, a mother and a son. The name of the son was Aquila. Aquila was an adventurous boy, he was also good at running and playing different sports. People of Warlington specialized in selling animal products, wood etc. Aquila’s father was a lumberjack. He used to always go inside the forest with his coworkers and used to cut down trees and sell them to wood buyers who used to buy it and then export it to other parts of the world. The village sold the best quality of wood in the whole kingdom; even the building in the capital is made from that wood. One day when Aquila was 10 years old his father got lost in the forest because he was separated from his coworker and never returned. Days and nights passed they waited and multiple search parties were sent but to no avail. At a young age Aquila started to cut wood. At first it was hard for him but over the years he started being perfect at it. In this kingdom women are not allowed to work outside the domestic premises. They were only there to do some minor tasks which include working at home and staying safe from danger while men of that kingdom are trained from a young age to be a soldier and they needed to take part in military forces at the age of 16 and need to serve in the military for at least 2 years. Aquila was about to turn 16. At first he was not  interested in joining the military but when he turned 16 he was forced to be a part of it. The day he turned 16, a knight came to the village  and told him and other kids who turned 16 to come to the capital city with the knight.  The knight was a royal soldier of the Noxus kingdom. After saying goodbye to his mom Aquila and other kids went through the forest towards the capital. The name of the capital city was Magior. Magior was a magical place that was surrounded by mountains. It is a dream place to live in and many people want to live there but they don’t get an opportunity to live there.

On the way to Magior, Aquila and his group were ambushed by bandits and in an effort of fighting the bandits Aquila was separated from the royal soldier. After knowing he was alone to save his life he ran away inside the forest. He ran as fast as he could and on the way he tripped and fell unconscious. News spread about Aquila being lost, his mother who was already sad about losing her husband and sending her son off to the military was now driven to madness hearing that her son too was nowhere to be found. The village shunned and ostracized her for they believed that she carried bad luck. The hurt and sadness of having lost both her husband and son and the loneliness she felt due to the villagers, to silence the voices she used the same axe which the men in her family had used to sustain themselves to end her own life. Warlington only seemed to be a happy and joyous place where everyone was accepted but alas, it was not. 
 


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Albert Einstein: The case with Hilbert
- Riddhis Sharma - 26006, Grade ... 09 February, 2023

Albert Einstein, (March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany - April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, USA), German physicist who developed special relativity and general relativity and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is often considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.

Initially, Einstein's 1905 paper was ignored by the physics community. This began to change after he got the attention of one physicist, Max Planck, perhaps the most influential physicist of his generation and the founder of quantum theory. Planck's admirable comments and experiments that gradually confirmed his theories soon led to Einstein's rapid rise in academia, where he was invited to speak at international conferences such as the Solvay Conference. He was offered many positions at increasingly prestigious institutions such as the University of Zurich, the University of Prague, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and finally the University of Berlin. While his fame spread, Einstein's marriage fell apart. He was constantly on the move, speaking at international conferences, and immersing himself in relativity. The couple frequently fought over their children and meager finances. Convinced that his marriage was destined, Einstein began having an affair with his cousin Elsa Lowenthal, whom he later married. (Elsa was a cousin on her mother's side, and a cousin on her father's side.) When he finally divorced Mileva in 1919, he decided that if he won the Nobel he agreed to give her some money. One of his deepest thoughts that haunted Einstein from 1905 to 1915 was a serious flaw in his own theory. He didn't mention gravity or acceleration. His friend Paul Ehrenfest was intrigued. As the disk rotates, the edges of the disk move faster than the center, so (according to special relativity) a meter stick placed on the disk should shrink. This meant that the geometry of the Euclidean plane had to fail against the disk. During the next decade, Einstein was busy formulating gravitational theories related to the curvature of spacetime. For Einstein, Newtonian gravity was actually a byproduct of a deeper reality. The curvature of the fabric of space and time. In November 1915, Einstein completed his general theory of relativity. In the summer of 1915, Einstein gave six two-hour lectures at the University of Göttingen, in which he thoroughly explained an incomplete version of general relativity. The mathematician David Hilbert, who had organized lectures at his university and had corresponded with Einstein, had completed these details, as if the theory were his own. In fact, only five days before Einstein submitted his paper on general relativity in November. They later resolved their disagreements and remained friends. Einstein wrote to Hilbert: “I have battled the resulting bitterness with complete success. In the midst of our unchanging friendship, I am thinking of you again, and I would like to ask you to do the same.” Today physicists call the action from which the equations are derived the Einstein-Hilbert action, but the theory itself is largely attributed to Einstein. Einstein believed that general relativity was mathematically beautiful and correct because it accurately predicted the perihelion precession of Mercury's orbit around the Sun. His theory also predicted a measurable deflection of light around the Sun. As a result, he even offered to fund an expedition to measure the deflection of starlight during eclipses.
 


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पहिलाे दिन
- Manaswi Sapkota - 26004, Grad ... 08 February, 2023

हिजो मात्र हाे मैले मेरा आमाबुवाको घर छोडेकाे दिन । मैले कपन छोडेँ । मैले धरानको कलेजमा छात्रवृत्ति पाएँ । मेरा आमाबुबाको चाहना थियो कि काठमाडाैँमा नै बसाेस् भनेर तर मैले आमाबुबाकाे काठमाडाैँ बसाेस् भन्ने प्रस्ताव स्वीकार्न सकिन । त्यो कलेजमा पढ्न ठूलो इच्छा थियो । राम्रो कलेजबाट आईटी अध्ययन गर्ने मेरो सपना थियो । मैले आग्रह गरेँ र आमाबाबुले अन्त्यतः जान अनुमति पाएँ । आफन्तको घरमा बसेर अध्ययन गराेस् भन्ने चाहन्थे तर छात्रवृत्तिको पाएकाले कलेजको छात्रावासमा नै बस्ने नियम थियो । बुबाआमालाई बिदाइ गरेर धरानतर्फ लागेँ । बिहान ९ बजे घर छोडेर त्रिभुवन विमानस्थल पुगेँ । म जहाजमा चढेँ र ४५ मिनेटपछि जहाज विराटनगर विमानस्थलमा अवतरण भयो । म ओर्लिएपछि बस समातेर आफन्तको घर गएँ । म केही दिन त्यहाँ बसेँ । अर्को दिन आफूसँग भएकाे सामान छात्रावासमा सार्न म र मामा गयाैँ । छात्रावासको कोठा सानो थियो तर चिटिक्क परेकाे र आरामदायी थियो । झ्यालको छेउमा नै एउटा ओछ्यान थियो ।  झ्यालमा कुनै पनि ग्रिल थिएन । खाटको अगाडि एउटा राम्रो आकारको टेबल थियो । खाटको छेउमा काठको दराज थियो । त्यो दराज पुरानो देखिन्थ्यो तर बलियो थियाे । अनि काेठाभित्र सबै हेरिसकेपछि मैले लुगाहरू निकालेर दराजमा राखेँ । दराजमा मेरा सबै कपडाहरू अटाए । मैले झोलाबाट किताबहरू निकालेँ र डेस्कमा राम्ररी राखेँ । भाेलिदेखि नै छात्रावासमा बस्नुपर्ने भएकाले म मामासँग नै घर जानकाे लागि तयार भएँ । घर फर्किनु अगाडि त्यहाँकाे अन्य वातावरणका बारेमा पनि बुझेर जान मन लाग्याे । त्यहाँकाे चमेनागृहमा गयाैँ ।  बोर्डमा विभिन्न खाने परिकारहरूकाे सूची थियो । जहाँबाट हामीले खाना अर्डर गर्न सक्थ्याैँ । 
म छात्रावासमा दिउँसो मात्र आएँ तर कक्षा भने बिहानदेखि नै लिएकी थिएँ । खाजा खाएपछि म तेस्रो कक्षामा गएँ । कक्षामा शिक्षक थिएनन् त्यसैले हामी विद्यार्थी मात्र थियौँ । म आफ्नाे कोठामा फर्किएँ । राति मैले चमेनागृहमा ( क्यान्टिन ) नै खाना खान गएँ । खाना स्वादिष्ट थियो । खाना खाएर  आफ्नो कोठामा फर्किएँ । मैले केही समय पढेँ र पछि मैले आज दिनमा भए गरेका सबै कुरा लेख्न थालेँ । आजको कक्षाहरू धेरै अल्छी लाग्दो थिए किनकि हामीले आज परिचय मात्र गरेका थियौँ । मैले केही नयाँ साथीहरू बनाएँ र मैले केही पुराना साथीहरूलाई पनि भेटेँ । आज एउटा कक्षामा जान खोज्दा म हराएँ । मलाई कम्प्युटर पढाइ हुने कोठा कता पर्छ भन्नेकुरा थाहा थिएन । म धेरै अलमलमा थिएँ । मैले पुरानो साथीलाई देखेँ । हामी एउटै कक्षामा पढ्थ्याैँ । त्यसैले हामी सँगै कक्षामा गयौँ । कक्षा सकिएपछि हामी सँगै खाजा खान गयौँ । पुरानो साथीलाई भेट्दा राम्रो लाग्यो । हामी ती पुराना दिनहरूका बारेमा कुरा गर्यौं, हाँस्यौँ । केही समयपछि हामी छुट्टियौँ  ।
 


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Career Counselling
- Sunabi Pokharel - 25018, Grad ... 08 February, 2023

Counseling helps a person in decision-making by providing guidance, moral support, and exploring solutions for problems. A counselor is someone who understands human behavior, their personality and knows how to give the right direction to their thoughts. Similarly, in general term career counseling is a form of counseling focused on helping one understand oneself and work trends so that one can make an informed decision about career and education. Career Counseling helps manage a diverse range of problems such as low concentration levels, poor time management, trust issues with family to non-agreement between parents and children on which career to choose. 
So, why do we need career counseling? Everybody requires career guidance at one point in their life. It helps them get insights about themselves, their careers, and what they can do to improve themselves. This can help us choose the right path for building a successful career. Career counselors are experts at assessing the counselee’s aptitude, personality, interests, and other aspects. They use this evaluation to suggest and offer the best career options from all the available and relevant options that one can choose according to their interest and what they are good at. Career Counseling helps provide expert resources and knowledge that a career expert possesses. These resources are essential in helping parents and children make the right decision regarding their career paths. 
An individual's career path is unique and may not be what he/she expects or wants. This can make the path rocky and difficult to navigate. Career Counseling helps overcome these challenges by providing the counselee with the insight necessary for making informed choices about his/her career. This confidence gives the counselee greater perspective on how to achieve their goals, which in turn leads to success at work. A Career Counsellor helps students and professionals change their behavioral patterns that affect the quality, quantity, and efficiency of all aspects of their lives. They can help you break the bad habits that have been holding you back in school, college, or work, such as procrastination, lack of research on the latest developments in your career path, and emotional or mental health neglect. Getting a clear picture of your career goals is essential for a successful career, and choosing a career can be difficult. Career Counseling provides parents and children with a platform that allows them to vent out emotions, and provide solutions for their issues. 
Career Counseling for students can be provided during their late middle school and high school years. The perfect time to get career counseling is during the ages 13-17 years i.e. 8th standard to 12th standard. This is a time when many changes take place in their life; physical, mental, social, and emotional, such as transitioning from school to college and trying to fit in with peers. It is also the exact age when actual career decisions and choices are made. A person can get help with these decisions by seeking the services of a career counselor who will guide them in the right direction at this time. 
Hence, career counseling is something that helps you understand the career options that you have and how to pursue them. It helps students learn about their strengths and weaknesses with regard to their present course or profession so that they can make an informed decision about their future. Career Counseling also provides a platform for you to voice your opinion about what you would like to pursue, as well as discuss any obstacles that may be worrying you.
 


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Isaac Newton - The Life of a Great Scientist
- Riddhis Sharma - 26006, Grade ... 07 February, 2023

Isaac Newton is best known for his theory of the law of gravitation, but his work "Principia Mathematica" (1686) with his three laws of motion greatly influenced the Enlightenment period in Europe. Born in 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England, Isaac Newton began developing theories of light, calculus and celestial mechanics during his break from Cambridge University.

He researched for years and finally concluded with the publication of “Principia” in 1687 which was a historical work that introduced the laws of motion and gravity. Issac Newton's second major book, "Opticks", explained his experiments to determine the properties of light.  He was also a student of biblical history and alchemy, and he was also the president of the Royal Society of London and the owner of the Royal Mint until his death in 1727. He was the son of a farmer who died three months before he was born.  He spent most of his childhood with his grandmother after his mother remarried. His education was halted because of an ill attempt of making him a farmer. Later,  he attended King's School, Grantham before getting admitted at Trinity College, University of Cambridge in 1661. He studied the classical curriculum at Cambridge, but  was also fascinated with the works of modern philosophers such as René Descartes, who was really famous at the time, so dedicating a set of notes to his external readings of René Descartes , he titled it as "Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae" ("Some Philosophical Questions"). When the Great Plague closed Cambridge in 1665, Newton returned home and began formulating theories about calculus, light and color, with his farm that first made him curious about why an apple falls to the ground when it is detached from the tree which later led to the finding of gravity. The debate over Newton's claims about the origin of the field of calculus had exploded into a controversy. Newton developed the concept of "flux" (differential) in the mid-1660s, although there are no public records of his work.

Meanwhile, the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz formulated his own mathematical theories and published them in 1684. The debate continued even after Leibniz died in 1716. Scholars later concluded that both of the scientists probably came to their conclusions independent of each other’s theories.

Years of his research led to the conclusion that light is made up of spectrums of all colors. Even though he spent a large period of time concluding his research on gravity, Einstein’s theory took the spotlight and so he was not very popular at the time but nevertheless all of modern science is based on his research  so modern scientists really appreciate his efforts in the field of science.

Newton was also an eager student of the history and concept of religion, and his writings on these subjects were included into several books that were published after his death. Newton was never married and  lived the last years of his life with his niece at Cranbury Park near Winchester, England. He died in his sleep on March 31, 1727 and was buried at Westminster Abbey.

References : https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/isaac-newton#:~:text=Born%20in%201643%20in%20Woolsthorpe,laws%20of%20motion%20and%20gravity.
 


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