Endangered species are living beings whose population is so reduced that they are on the verge of extinction. Thousands of species are included in this category. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources publishes a list of endangered species that comprises mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and plants.

Before the arrival of humans, the extinction of living things was associated with geology and climate changes, the effects of which were translated into the major fluctuation of the environment. Change in the environment is still the main cause of extinction but now the changes are highly accelerated by human activity. Cutting trees for farms and settlements, lumbering, mining, building dams, and draining wetlands all alter the environment so extensively that the balance of ecosystems is completely destroyed. With a soaring human population requiring food, shelter, and clothing and constantly demanding more energy-using devices, the requirement of land for human use without the regard for consequences is quite amazing. Several forms of environmental change are responsible for the disappearance of species. For example, with the deforestation of tropical forests, primates have progressively smaller feeding and living spaces. They also become more exposed to hunters, who kill monkeys for food and other purposes and trap many primates for sale as pets, research animals, and zoo specimens. Some animal species may move into human space when their own is destroyed.

Pollution is another cause responsible for environmental change. Many species of birds in the world including peregrine hawk, bald eagle, pelicans, and roseate terns, etc, lay thin-shelled as a result of consumption of low-quality products and some other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides that make their way into the food chain. Species of salamanders in New England are dying out because the ponds in which they breed and the moist soil in which they must live are contaminated by acid rain. Even in the case of Nepal industrial waste is dumped into the rivers and lakes with no study of consequences.

Human activities have contributed to the extermination of many species. Whale species are on the endangered list as well. The poaching of Rhino and other species in Nepal has been common. Many species are being hunted, leading towards their extinction, especially for their fur, hides, or feathers. These compromise the big cats, elephants, alligators, kimonos, and birds of paradise. 

These animals must be protected at all costs. These are the species that make our world beautiful. One thing the human race should always remember is that we share this planet with thousands of other species and it's our prime duty to protect them and give them the life they deserve.

The word ’STUDENT’ has its spiritual meaning. This meaning becomes incomplete in absence of discipline. Discipline, in brief, means the maintenance of good and desirable habits. In another word, ‘DISCIPLINE’ means perfect obedience to rules, to be guided by others, to pay due regards to elders and seniors, and to behave with them in an ordinary manner. Since discipline is a factor that plays a vital role to achieve one’s goal in life. It is very essential for students. The absence of discipline makes a student’s life reckless.

It is time to change our behavior to a better society. A good student is one who utilizes each and every second in reading, writing and creating his own ability, creativity, sincerity, and obedience. Discipline is the symbol of a good student. A good student does each and every work in a disciplined manner. He is sincere and devoted to his own duty. He is attentive towards his errands and follows the ideas from seniors and teachers. He believes not merely in vision but implements the vision in his practical life. Those who are committed by false promises get nothing and never stand back. A good student should know what is happening around him but shouldn’t be involved in wrong activities. His best duty is to read and write with devotion. Those students can only get a chance to taste the fruit of success. Not a single student has got success without discipline. He must give value and importance to time. Only those students are admirable and respected.                         

For a student, discipline is inseparable. It is the discipline that makes students achieve success in life. So, at no cost discipline should not be neglected.

बाँदरको स्वरूपबाट उत्पन्न भएका भनिएका हामी आज मानव भनेर चिनिएका छौँ । गुफाको छतमा बस्ने हामी आज ठुला ठुला महलले घेरिएका छौँ । खाली खुट्टाले छोइने यी भुइँहरू आज महँगा जुत्ताले छोइएका छन् । यही त हो आधुनिक परिवर्तन भनेको, होइन र ? बस्ने ठाँउ, लवाइखवाइ, भेषभुषा, बोलिचाली सबै आधुनिक भए तर अपसोच मानव मस्तिष्क आधुनिक हुन सकेन, मानवको सोच र दृष्टिकोण आधुनिक हुन सकेन । सोच उही छ, बस् देखाउने शैली फरक छ ।      

महिला यस्ती सृष्टिकर्ता हुन् जसले संसारलाई एउटा गति दिएकी हुन्छिन्, तर आज तिनै महिला आधुनिक जीवनको आभिशाप भएकी छिन् । पुरुषका लागि खेलौना र मनोरञ्जनको साधन भएकी छिन् । आज पनि महिलालाई हेर्ने सोच र देखाउने व्यवहार परिवर्तन हुन सकेको छैन जसका कारण अमानवीय कार्यहरू दिन प्रतिदिन बढिरहेका छन् । हिजो जङ्गलमा महिला बलात्कृत भए रे भन्ने  सुनिन्थ्यो तर आज त सार्वजनिक स्थल, विद्यालय र आफ्नै घरमा बलात्कृत भए भन्ने सुनिन्छ । हिजो महिलाको बलात्कार भयो भन्ने सुनिन्थ्यो तर आज ३ महिनाकी बलिका बलात्कृत भएकाे घटना सुनिन्छ। अनि के यही हो त आधुनिक जीवनशैली बाँचेको मान्छेको गुण ? महिलालाई पहिलेको युगमा घरमै गुम्मसिएर बस्नुपर्ने बाध्यता थियो । आज घरबाट बाहिर निस्कने स्वतन्त्रता त छ तर आफैँभित्र गुम्सिएर बस्नुपरेको छ । 

आजको आधुनिक युगको व्यवहारले आफ्नो मनभित्र डर र त्रास लिएर बाँच्न बाध्य बनाइएका छन् महिलाहरू । म भोलिको जाज्वल्यमान तारा बन्ने छु भन्दै सपना बोकेर घरबाट निस्केकी नारी आधुनिक युगका जीवहरूले इज्जत लुटेर मर्न बाध्य छिन् । थाहा छैन बिहानै झोला बोकेर विद्ययालय हिँडेकी मन्जरी सकुशल घर फर्किन्छिन् या फर्किन्नन् । भोलिको देश बनाउँछु भन्ने सपना मनभरि बोकेर अफिस हिँडेकी मुनाको लास कहाँ भेटिने हो थाहा छैन । हाम्राे देशका नेताहरूले आजको समाज भनेको त नारी समाज हो भन्छन् । जन्मिन नपाउँदै आफ्नै घरमा सुरक्षित नहुने के यही हो त नारी समाज ? पुरुषको इसारामा बाँच्नुपर्छ अनि मानेन भने एसिडको बर्सात हुन्छ । खोइ कहाँ गयो त महिला अधिकार ? छोरीलाई घरको इज्जत नफाल भनेर सयचोटि भनिन्छ तर छोरालाई कसैको घरको इज्जत नलुट भनेर सम्झाइँदैन, खोइ कता गयो त समानताको अधिकार ?                    

ए मुर्ख हो ! के महिला स्वतन्त्रताको कुरा गर्छाै जब कि एक महिला सडकमा  एक्लै हिँड्न डराउँछे, उसले आफ्नै घर, टाेलमा डराउनुपर्ने हुन्छ । महिला अधिकार यसरी हनन भएकोे छ मानाैँ यहाँँ कुनै नियम कानुन नै छैन । बलात्कार र हत्या यसरी बढेकाे छ, मानाैँ यहाँ महिलाको कुनै अस्तित्व नै छैन । त्यसकारण जबसम्म सबै महिलाले आफू सुरक्षित भएको महसुस गर्दैनन्, तबसम्म भाैतिक सुखसुविधाकाे विकास भयो भन्दै मानवले आधुनिक सोचका साथ आधुनिक जीवन बाँचेकाे छ भन्नेहरूलाई म धिक्कारिरहने छु ।

Well, I never owned you 

When your mind had a crew. 

When I was little child 

I used to make many demands and choices. For the first time I saw you, 

My heart echoed in very beautiful voices. 

You were my childhood best friend, 

I remember all the gifts we used to lend. I loved and only loved, 

Stated once that nothing can’t be unsolved. 

Hey man! Our ego came on the path, 

Obliviated all the moments together we sat. You proved everything wrong ,what I used to see, And ignored my feelings without valuing me. 

Being amicable with you was abrasive, But some of your pledges were quite impressive. Now sitting in the terrace amidst the cold wind,

Willing to move on but hope doesn’t give a hint. Hey, can you feel those droplets 

Flooding from the edges of my eyes? 

Still feels like an ice pick 

Stabbing when the heart cries. 

When the lines of hands and hands claimed, All I love and loved, 

All alone….

पृथ्वी र अन्य ग्रहहरूको उत्पत्ति ४.५ अरब वर्ष पहिले सूर्यको केही अंश टुक्रिएर सेलाउँदै जाने क्रममा धूलो र ग्याँसहरूको घनत्वको ठोस रूपमा उत्पन्न भएको विश्वास गरिन्छ। सायद ५०००० मिलियन वर्षसम्म पृथ्वीको भित्री भाग ठोस र तुलनात्मक रूपमा सुन्दर रह्यो । सबैभन्दा राम्रो उपलब्ध प्रमाणका अनुसार मुख्य तत्त्व फलाम र सिलिकेटहरू थिए। 

अन्य तत्त्वहरू थोरै मात्रामा रहेका थिए । जसमध्ये केही रेडियोधर्मी थिए। लाखौं बर्ष बितिसकेपछि रेडियोधर्मी तत्त्वहरूको क्षयबाट मुक्त हुने उर्जा  धेरैजसो युरेनियम, थोरियम, र पोटासियमले पृथ्वीलाई बिस्तारै तातो बनायो र यसका केही घटकहरू पग्लिरहे। फलाम सिलिकेटभन्दा पहिले पग्लियो र भारी भएकोले केन्द्रतर्फ गयो र यसले जबरजस्ती सिलिकेटलाई त्यहाँ भेट्टायो। धेरै वर्षपछि फलाम केन्द्रमा पुगेको थियो । त्यसपछि ती फलामहरू लगभग ५,०००,००० मीटर गहिराइमा पुगी जम्मा हुन थाले। पृथ्वीको केन्द्रमा तापक्रमको वृद्धिसँगै ग्याँसको चाप बढ्नाले ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट हुने र लाभा बग्ने जस्ता परिवर्तनहरू देखा पर्न थाले । लाभालाई देख्न सक्ने तथा ती सबै दृश्यहरू हेर्न त्यस समयमा कुनै वस्तु थिएन। अन्त्यमा, केन्द्रमा रहेको फलाम कोरको रूपमा जम्मा भयो।

 यसको वरिपरि रहेको  पातलो तर पर्याप्त स्थिर ढुङ्गा पृथ्वीको रूपमा चिसो बनेको थियो। क्रस्टको डिप्रेसनमा प्राकृतिक बेसिनहरू थिए । जसमा ज्वालामुखी र विच्छेदहरू मार्फत यस ग्रहको भित्री भागबाट पानी संकलन भई समुद्रहरू निर्माण भयो। बिस्तारै, पृथ्वीले आफ्नो स्वरूप प्राप्त गर्‍यो ।

In today’s world, the internet has become essential to all people. Many technologies have changed our lives in many ways, among them the internet is one of them. It has helped us in many aspects such as communication, creating jobs, getting information, etc. 

The internet has made this world a village where it has been easy to communicate with others from any part of the world. People from different parts of the world can communicate easily through social media such as Facebook, Instagram, emails, Twitter, Snapchat, etc. The Internet has also made it easy for people to receive information and news from all around the world. It has also helped in creating many jobs such as creating job sites, youtube is also one of the main job sources on the internet. 

We can also take an example of the current(COVID-19) pandemic. It has destroyed many jobs, shut down schools and colleges. But still because of the internet people are working from home, schools and colleges are teaching the students from home through apps such as zoom, google classroom, Microsoft teams, etc. It has also helped the people to get information about the virus and its consequences with precautions. 

As everything has its merits and demerits, likewise the internet also has its drawbacks such as our personal information can be exposed to the whole world without us even knowing our location and our bank account pin code, credit card pin code, etc. Cybercrime is also the main problem with this technology. Many problems such as harassment and bullying are the main problem of this technology. 

So, the internet is helpful to us in many ways and also can cause us to harm in many ways. But, I find the internet very helpful in today’s life as it has been the leading technology that makes our life easier.

बडादसैँ आश्विन शुक्ल पक्षमा प्रतिपदादेखि दशमी र त्यसपछि कोजाग्रत पूर्णिमासम्म पनि मनाइने विशेष पर्व वा उत्सव हो । दसैँलाई बडादसैँ, दसहरा, विजया दशमी आदि नामले जानिन्छ । यो नेपालीहरूको सबैभन्दा ठुलो राष्ट्रिय चाड हो । हर्ष र उल्लासका साथ आउने र मनाइने दसैँले बेग्लै रौनक ल्याइदिन्छ, भिन्न खुसी र सुख प्रदान गर्दछ । यसले पुरै वातावरणमा उल्लास र रौनक भरिदिन्छ । 

याे पर्वमा मालश्री धुन बजाएर र गीत गएर रमाइलो गरिन्छ । देश विदेश तथा टाढा टाढा भएका आफ्ना साथीभाइ, आफन्तजनसँग भेटघाट हुने वातावरण यसै समयमा सिर्जना हुन्छ । दसैँमा रातो टीका, मान्यजनको आशिर्वाद, जमरा, दक्षिणा , मिष्ठान्न भोजन र पिङको मज्जालाई छुट्टै खास अर्थ र महत्त्वका रूपमा लिइन्छ । दसैँमा नवदुर्गा (हिन्दु धर्मकी शक्तिस्वरूपा देवी दुर्गा) को नौ वटा रूपको विशेष पूजा तथा आराधना गरिन्छ । बडादसैँ सनातन परम्परा, संस्कार, संस्कृति, धर्म, आस्था र विश्वाससँग जोडिएको विषय मात्र नभएर वैज्ञानिक महत्त्वको विषय पनि रहेको पुष्टि भएको छ । मनिसको मस्तिष्कमा रहेको बिकारलाई हटाई पराक्रमी पुरुषार्थी भावको विकासका लागि टीका लगाउने गरिन्छ । यसले मन्यजनप्रति श्रद्धाभाव राख्नुपर्छ भन्ने सङ्केत पनि गर्छ । 

यो पर्व आडम्वरी, खोक्राे, मुल्यहीन हुँदै होइन । पर्व मनाउँदा त्यसको वास्तविक मूल्य बुझेर, यथार्थ विधिपद्धतिअनुसार निष्ठावान् तरिकाले मनाउनुपर्छ भन्ने कुराको हेक्का राख्नुपर्छ । साथै पर्व मनाउँदा घाँटी हेरी हाड निल्नू भन्ने हाम्रो महत्त्वपूर्ण नेपाली उखानलाई अनुसरण गरौँ । दसैँजस्तो महान् चाड सुरक्षित र रमाइलो तरिकाले मनाउनुपर्छ ।    

We, humans, are often asked to identify ourselves. Who we are and where do we belong to? Identifying oneself in society has always been a major discussion since we tend to identify ourselves to fit into society.

Rosenberg along with his family flew to America and changed his identity, but his family was still targeted for who they were. Sawaquat, a Native American was defamed for ‘stealing’  the land that didn’t belong to them. Wideman was differentiated from other groups of people because of his skin color and his beliefs. Each of the individuals in some way or another had to hide their true identity to fit in the society properly even after facing discrimination who they were and what they believed in.    

Rosenberg along with his family came to the US from Germany in 1938.  They changed” their name and their identity hoping that the society would accept them. (Rosenberg 29) He gave up his self-identity, his name for people to accept him, but the bigotry never stopped. He was bullied by his neighbors as a “sheeine” (Rosenberg 29).  The guilt of not embracing his heritage had always bothered him, but he never came to realize that until he started going to temples, attending Jewish festivals, and finding pride in his heritage. Self-identifying yourself helps a lot of problems in life and it gives you the confidence to fight for what you believe in. After a lot of consideration, he gained courage from his second wife which made him change his name and show the world his true identity. Rosenberg announced, “I want to be remembered by the name I was born with” (Rosenberg 30). Rosenberg no longer wanted the world to know him as “Ross” and wanted the world to recognize him as a Jewish and through his real name. After years, he was able to embrace his culture, his religion, and accept himself the way he truly was. 

Sawaquat who was a Native American was frequently called by the whites when they referred to them as a thief. Sawaquat was one of the Native Americans just like many others who had to face humiliation every day just for accepting who they were as a person.  But embarrassed for who you identify yourself as causes a bigger problem because we hide from people so that they won’t be able to judge us.  Sawaquat wasn’t able to embrace his future in a proper way because he was “embarrassed” (Sawaquat 59) to accept the fact of self-realization that he was an Indian.  When the realization hit him, he began to question his true identity and after a lot of consideration, he came to realize that “we come full circle to realize other people are like ourselves, as discomfiting as that maybe sometimes.” (Sawaquat 60) He came to realize that he wasn’t the only one who would feel that way. When Sawaquat realized his mistake of not identifying himself for who he was, he realized that other people who bully others and discriminate against others have maybe been through similar situations like that before. Sawaquat wanted his daughter to accept herself for who she was, and where she came from, “discover her own inner self that is unlike any others”(Sawaquat 60), and be proud for what the culture represents. 

Wideman, a black man  was denied from entering a bar because of his skin color and for what he believed in. He wore a cap that had ‘X’ written on it and since many people didn’t believe Malcolm X’s beliefs, he was restricted from entering the bar. With anger and pain in his heart from having no support and being humiliated for what he believes in, he compared his feelings to “our American racial weather, turbulent, unchanging and it’s changeability, it’s the power to rock us and stun us from our routines and tear us apart…” (Wideman) Discrimination has always been an issue throughout history and it can affect a person mentally and physically. It can lower down a person’s self-esteem and make them take decisions which they will regret for the rest of their lives. Although Wideman was a self-realized person, he felt pretty hopeless because he had no support from other people. This incident that he faced made him realize how much humiliation, torture his ancestor had to go through. “When rain falls on us, it falls on all of us” (Wideman 65) When one person in a certain group is humiliated the whole group gets humiliated and in order to live in a peaceful society where each and everyone is respected, “we must first imagine how good it would feel to be healed There are always going to be moments in our lives when people are going to question you for what you believe in and how you identify yourself as.  And there will be people all over the world who won’t be ready to accept you just because you represent yourself in some way but just because certain people don’t like doesn’t mean that everyone is going to hate you. Rosenberg, Sawaquat, Wideman, they all went through the journey of self-realization where their identity was constantly questioned, but all the circumstances that they had to go through, helped overcome the fear of society judging them for who they represent themselves as. Self-acceptance is a key to happiness and until and unless we don’t accept yourself for who we are, you will never be able to find peace and happiness. 

Sources 
https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/unknown-facts-about-raavan  https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/187/6/1140/4985429
 

सबै हात एक भैदिए

म कति चाँडै उठ्न सक्ने थिएँ होला,

सबै मन एक भैदिए म सधैँ बर्बराउन्नथेँ होला,

म धेरै समय बर्बराएँ,

अहिलेसम्म कसैले ध्यानसँग

सुनेजस्तो लाग्दैन ।

मेरो मनको इच्छाशक्ति

अत्यन्त चहकिलो भएर उठ्ने थियो,

मैले एक्लै उठने धेरै प्रयत्न गरेँ,

म उठ्न लागेको देखेर

मलाई सहयोग गर्ने बहानाले

जहाँको त्यहीँ, जस्ताको त्यस्तै राख्न खोज्ने हातहरू सल्बलाइरहेछन्,

मलाई यथास्थितिभन्दा पनि

अझ जिर्ण बनाएर हेर्न लालायित हुनेहरू 

बडो आनन्द मानेर हेरिरहेछन्, 

म उठ्न खोजेर पनि उठ्न नसक्दा

विवश बाँचिरहेछु, विवश बाँचिरहेछु ।

Tesla founder Elon Musk has launched a startup ‘Neuralink’ to form implants that connect the human brains with computer interfaces. The technology would see groups of small, flexible electrode threads implanted into the human brain by neurosurgical robots. The threads detect the electrical signals within the brain and transmit this information outside the body which has the potential to make a scalable high bandwidth brain-machine interface system meaning that it connects the brain to an external device to form a brain-machine interface.

 The goal of neuralink is to grasp and treat different kinds of brain or spine-related disorders. However, Musk envisions the implant as a method of enhancing your own brain, humans the choice to realize interaction with AI and also eventually cause a way forward for “superhuman intelligence”.Neuralink, which was founded in 2016, has already tested an early, wired version of its implants in rats. The concept of a brain-machine interface isn't new; scientists are functioning on them for many years. There are some FDA- approved deep- brain stimulation devices meant for, among other things controlling tremors in people with Parkinson’s disease, and a number of other tech computers. 

Yet these efforts tend to be continued to labs for a variety of reasons: they’re expensive, bulky, require training and when it involves an under the skull implant, the person outfitted with it must be physically tethered to a computer for it to figure. For now, Neuralink said it's engaged on a brain chip to assist with serious medical conditions, but Musk eventually wants it to appeal to all or any sorts of people. Some within the scientific community have watched the company’s promises warily, fearing that they’ll prompt afflicted people to delay necessary procedures.

Source: edition.cnn.com

बिहान सबेरै खाजा छ रोटी

खेद्छौ मलाई मेलामा 

घाँस र पात गराउँछौ मलाई

 खाने लाउने उमेरमा ।

डोको र नाम्लो दाउराको भारी 

बाेकाउँछौ मेरो काँधमा 

बाघ र भालु डर छ हेर 

त्यो घना जङ्गलमा ।

 हे मेरा दाइ ! ए मेरा भाइ !

 सुनिदेऊ छोरीको पुकार 

छोरीलाई तिमी नहेप बरु 

गरिदेऊ उद्धार । 

भोलि नै म पढ्न जान्छु

 किताब च्यापेर 

बनुँला हेर म ठूलो मान्छे 

लेखपढ गरेर ।

Today we all seem to be aware of mental health. But, as always we are only aware and we react to  “Mental Health” by saying  “Yes Mental Health”.The story doesn't end here because we don't talk about mental health openly. Have you ever talked with your parents about how things are going on in your life and Do parents actually listen? 

Well, when it comes to listening, we Nepalese people seem to be too impatient. Ever put your opinion with your parents? You haven't finished yet and you get in reply: “Dherai Janne Bannu pardaina” and even sometimes when you are saying something that is the truth but our elders can't accept it.  It doesn't only apply to our elders but even we youngsters can't accept what our parents say. What we are still learning indirectly is “Never listen to anyone's opinion and you are always right” and we sure will pass it to future generations as well. We are so busy in raising awareness on social media and giving suggestions to people on how to take care of their children. I feel like we have even forgotten to ask our children  “Chhora, how are things going? Chhori  Sabai  kura thik cha ni ?” Instead, we tend to give hour long talks on how things were during your time. It doesn't mean that your child doesn't need to know about the struggle and hard work that you've been through but what is the use of it when your child is mentally struggling for being bullied at school, is having a mental breakdown, got harassed and is not able to come up to you to share his/her Pain with you as you have already stopped them from deep inside their hearts and also filled them with the fears with your just one word “ chup” . It is very important to know that, when you forbid your children to have a normal casual talk with you and when you don't listen to them, you are creating a barrier that sometimes can't be broken between you and your child and there is going to be a day when your child is crying very deep inside won't come to you and say “baba malai yo kura chitta bujhena ” mamu malai yo problem parirako cha” but instead they are either going to suffer alone or take a  wrong path and suffer for life.

But this doesn't mean that only parents have to listen to their children because it is very important to listen to what our elders say. They have gone through a lot and they have also been through the time that you are going through. But for a healthy relationship and better life, it is very much necessary for all the parents to listen to their children so that they can listen to you and vice versa because listening is very important. We need to listen first before suggesting. Communication between you and your child should always be two-sided. There are other factors like socialization and many more but we can only function properly when we are mentally healthy. So, Mental health is very important and it's time for us to understand each other and work for it.

(Note: Please note that This article  is not  about taking anyone's side and it is about  playing one's respective role.)