बिहानको सूर्यमा मुहार देखाउँदै
नदी बग्छ सँधै पर्वत पार गर्दै
हिमालबाट निस्किएको नदीको धारा
घुम्दै संसार धर्तीलाई चुम्छ
कहिले शान्त कहिले हल्ला
बग्दछ नदी लगातार
कहिले उतार कहिले चढाव
बग्छ आफ्नै तालमा
नदीले भन्दछ बगिरहनु जहिले
जीवनको मार्गमा नरोकिनु कहिले
The morning where the sky awakes,
As the wind whispers from east to west,
The melodic voice that birds and trees makes,
And the morning is best.
Clouds dance effortlessly,
The stars twinkles in the sky,
We can see them dancing easily,
But we can’t touch them as they are high.
Everything in nature goes with the flow,
We can see leaves flying,
They start moving as we blow,
As they make gentle sighs.
When the earth is covered with drops of rain,
We all fly in the sky with different thoughts,
After the rain the clouds are drain,
With every season beautiful scenery is brought.
Introduction
Stars are the luminous bodies that are made up of plasma which is held by self gravity. Stars may be of different size and shape. Large numbers, approximately billions or trillions of stars are present in the universe but only a small portion of them are seen by our naked eyes. The different stars present in the universe differ from each other by the factors like temperature, size, shape, color, etc. Some of them are classified and identified by the scientists according to the factors given above because of which we know that the stars vary from each other. Stars are given different types of names by the scientists based on their features for their identification. Stars go through different phases which include formation, main sequence stage, red giant or supergiant phase and eventually supernova explosion as well. In ancient times stars were used for navigation and timekeeping as well.
Formation of Stars
Star formation is a very fascinating process which takes place in the dense region of interstellar space called molecular clouds. The clouds mostly are made up of hydrogen molecules along with other elements mixed with it. The very process begins with the gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud. This collapse may be due to various reasons such as the influence of various pressures. Then it separates into smaller regions which start to rotate and a mass of it starts to concentrate in the center which is also known as a prostar. Then the central mass starts heating up which soon begins to act as a luminous object.
Gravitational collapse and protostellar disk plays a great role in the formation of stars. Gravitational collapse is the initial point where a star starts to form. Gravitational collapse takes place only when the region within the molecular cloud is denser than its surroundings. This happens due to various external factors. The molecules are separated into smaller regions with more concentration than before. Here will be the formation of a single or multiple of stars. It leads to the formation of protostar. Then the protostars heat up and start to collapse their core which now leads to flattening of the protostar into protostellar disk. Then the protostellar disk falls to form stars.
Features of Stars
Stars are of different shapes and sizes. Most of the stars are spherical in shape due to the influence of gravitational force present in the center. Stars may be small or big. Small stars are called dwarf stars and big stars are called supergiants. But changes come in their shapes as they get older. Sizes of the stars can depend upon how they are present in the universe and how they are influenced by their surroundings. Some stars are present in the form of pairs because of which their gravity pulls each other impacting their shapes and sizes.
The color of the stars are determined by the temperature they possess. This relationship is descriptively described by Wien's Law. According to the temperature of the stars their color differs as well as their brightness. Some of the stars are of color blue, white, yellow, orange and some are even red. The difference of color signifies the hotness of the star.
We often see stars twinkling at night time but don't know the reason behind the twinkling. So in order to know how a star twinkles, here is some information regarding it. A star twinkles because it has its light to pass through the atmosphere of the earth’s atmosphere before it reaches our eyes. Since the atmosphere of the earth doesn't have a similar temperature (i.e layers are filled with air of different temperature) the lights of the star encounter numerous layers of air which can be cooler or warmer than the other. The encounter can bend the light which probably changes the direction of the light. This wobbling light creates a shimmering effect which is the twinkling of the star. Moving air and turbulence can create a fluctuation in the density of the air which can be the reason for the star twinkling.
Twinkling patterns of stars are also known as scintillation. It can also depend upon various characteristics like atmospheric conditions and properties of the star. There are various patterns via which a star twinkles. Twinkling often takes place in a random shade of brightness. The light may flicker creating an irregular pattern of change in intensity. Twinkling patterns and color can vary due to atmospheric scattering. The twinkling effect can cause the color change in stars. Twinkling patterns depend upon the types of the stars. Some of the stars are steady whereas some of them are not. Twinkling of the stars are visible to our naked eyes.
The stars seem way small in size though it is of big size because the star is incredibly far from our Earth. The distance between the Earth and stars are in trillions of miles. The nearest star like Proxima Centauri are trillions of miles away. The vast difference in the distance causes stars to appear as a small dot. Here the angular size of the sky as well as the star also plays a great role to make a star look like a dot. Stars emit light in all directions which spreads over larger areas thinly which makes a photon to appear like a tiny dot. The brightness and its apparent size are more influenced by the luminosity and distance of the Star than its physical dimensions. These are the very reasons behind the appearance of a star as a small dot.
Types of Stars
There are many kinds of stars present in the universe. Some of them are:
It is the bright reddish star making the shoulder of Orion a workaholic star. It is one of the brightest stars and is about 640 light years away.
Binary stars are two stars that orbit around a common center of mass. They are bound together by gravity. There are various types of binary stars, some of them are close binaries where stars are very close to each other which can give access to transfer of mass as well, whereas some of them are wide binaries where stars are farther apart and have their own separate orbit. Study of binary stars can help to learn about stellar evolution.
Brown Dwarfs are considered as the failed stars because they are not massive enough to sustain the nuclear fusion reaction. Brown Dwarfs have helped scientists study about the formation of the star. Brown Dwarfs blur the lines between stars and planets. They don't contain enough mass to turn into a star.
Neutron Stars are the densest stars which are packed with enormous amounts of matter. Neutron Stars are formed when a massive star undergoes a supernova explosion. This explosion explodes the outer layer of the stars leaving the densely packed core. This core mainly contains neutrons, which is why the name of the star is Neutron Star. Neutron Star has strong magnetic field which is used to emit beam of the radiation
Protostars are the stars that are just into the beginning phase of the journey to be a fully fledged star. The formation of protostar takes place when a dense region of dust in space starts to collapse under the gravity of its own. As it starts collapsing it begins to heat up and spin faster which forms a spinning disk. Over the time protostar continues to gather more matter and gets to a point where a new star is formed.
The very common stars which are cool and small are Red Dwarfs. It is the smallest star which consists of a low mass and temperature compared to other types of the stars. They emit red and infrared light which is the reason behind the naming of the star. It has a long lifespan.
It is a big and bloated star which has reached its later stage of stellar evolution. When a star like the sun exhausts its nuclear fuel, it begins to expand and cool down and later forms into a red giant. It continues its evolution and may form white dwarfs or even supernovae.
Supernovae are incredibly powerful. When a massive star reaches the end of the lifecycle of it then it can go through supernovae events. Things take place when the star's core starts collapsing on its own gravity, creating a massive explosion that can release huge amounts of energy. Supernovae are very bright. It can light out the whole galaxy for a certain period of time .
White Dwarfs are the stars that have undergone stellar death. White Dwarfs are so dense that the atoms inside them are squeezed together. White Dwarfs fade and eventually turn to black dwarfs. White Dwarfs are used to study the final stage of stellar evolution.
सौन्दर्यताको खानी प्रकृति
छ मन लोभ्याउने आकृति
मन्त्रमुग्ध पार्दिन्छ सारा संसार
प्रकृति हो सुन्दरताको भण्डार
भगवानको अनुपम उपहार
मनमोहक छ जस्तै एक चमत्कार
नदीनालाहरूको सुन्दर सङ्गम
पशुपङ्क्षी छन् जताततै रमझम
बोटबिरुवा र वृक्षको हरियाली
जसले छाउँछ जताततै खुसियाली
प्रकृति नै हो हाम्रो बाच्ने आहारा
जरुरी छ प्रकृतिकै साहारा
प्रकृतिको सुरक्षा हाम्ले गर्नुपर्दछ
अन्नबाली हाम्ले जाेगाउनु पर्दछ
हाम्राे आयु साच्चिकै प्रकृतिकाे देन
प्रकृति कै सन्तान हामी पृथ्वीवासी ।
“Bayle, O Terror Incarnate—thou hast betrayed mine Lord once again, hast thou not? Though thou hast received great terror from my Lord, thou standeth still. My Lord might have spared thee, but thou shalt not go unpunished. I, Igon the Drake Warrior vow that I shall be the one to take you down, foul dragon. Those who betray my Lord shall face death, at the hands of Igon, The Drake Warrior.” These were the words I uttered to myself before making my way up the Jagged Peak—the resting place of Bayle the Dreaded Dragon.
“O Bayle, how fearful thou must be to cloak thyself within the summit of the Jagged Peak. Vile Bayle, how thou must rue challenging my Lord. Though thou art a mighty beast, ye cower in fear atop the Jagged Peak. Thou hast endured the terror of my Lord, thus thou art but a pitiful shell of thy former self. Tis the day thou shalt be felled by my harpoons. Mark my words, tis the day thou shalt be felled by the hands of Igon, the Drake Warrior.” O what a pain, such words I can never .utter once more.
“Alas, the summit of the Jagged Peak. BAYLE! VILE BAYLE! COME TO ME, YOU FOUL DRAGON!” Oh, how much I regret uttering those words. Provoked by my words, Bayle made his presence known. The terrifying speed at which he came at me paralyzed my body for but a moment. As the fear of imminent death lurked within me, I dodged Bayle’s plunge on reflex alone.
“O BAYLE! HOW YOU’VE CARVED FEAR INTO MY HEART. AHAHAHA!” Though I laughed, my heart was filled with such inexplicable terror. And yet, it was the moment I had felt most alive. The sheer terror behind Bayle’s rage engulfed Jagged Peak in fiery lightning.
“O BAYLE! HOW ALIVE I FEEL!” Such foolish words I said. As I fired my harpoons at the dreaded dragon, I continued to evade his fire and anticipate his lightning. This started to wear me down, but Bayle too, was faltering. Even the Great Dreaded Dragon Bayle felt his strength weakening under my assault.
Our battle lasted days, and finally, I was able to injure the Dreaded Dragon—his wings were weakened and he was no longer able to fly. “O BAYLE! HOW YOU’VE FALLEN! HEH HEH..
AHHAHAHA!” Though the dragon could not fly, it still had its terrifying jaws. As I boasted about taking his wings, he grabbed me from my waist and hurled me from the peak. And now, I lie here, broken, and unable to walk. If I’d been more cautious of the beast’s jaws, perhaps victory could have been mine.
O the pain, the pain. How much longer can I endure? “BAYLE! FOUL BAYLE! YE SHALL PAY DEARLY!”
Standing before the Jagged Peak, with legs that are no more, I feel….Pitiful. Such tragedy, I never expected. “the pain…….. the excruciating pain. Just how much more can I take? MY ARMS AND LEGS AAAAAAAAAAAAGH”, “BAYLE! VILE BAYLE! MARK MY WORDS YE SHALL KNOW FEAR!” Oh, somebody's nearby. It's such a shame that they’ll see me in this pitiful state. A tarnished it seemeth. “O Tarnished thou art, not? How sorry I feel for thee—to see the great Igon, in such a shameful state.” The tarnished looked up at the Jagged Peak, I sensed that the tarnished hadn’t a clue about the dangers of the Peak, yet it seemed like he had no intentions of backing down. “The Jagged Peak. Thou art taking in the great view it seemeth. Be wary, the Peak lies home for the Terror Incarnate, The Vile Dreaded Dragon–BAYLE!”
The Tarnished Warrior seemed like no other, he was not of these lands and soared the peak with no intention of backing down. Seeing such determination, I was immediately taken aback by my youth days. “Ah, how can I back down from fighting Bayle when the dreaded dragon brought such shame to me.”
“O TARNISHED WARRIOR, THOU HAVE KINDLED THE FLAME WHICH WAS LEFT EXTINGUISHED BY THE DREADED BAYLE! I SHALL NOT FORGET THEE!” As those words left my tongue, I began to gather up every ounce of my being and scale the Jagged Peak. “O the pain, you are nothing but a hurdle in my path to Bayle.”
Every step I took, I was reminded of my shameful fight against Bayle. “BAYLE! FOUL BAYLE! LEST YE HIDE FROM ME, YE SHALL KNOW FEAR!” The pain was unbearable, yet the Tarnished whom I kept seeing in the distance, kindled my fading flame and gave me the determination to scale the Peak.
As the climb grew more and more difficult, I found myself in an underpass beside a battle between two Jagged Drakes. As I looked up, there he was—The Tarnished Warrior standing proud, with their sword in hand. Such a sight, never before seen.
The Tarnished Warrior slayed both the mighty drakes. Witnessing such a spectacle, I couldn’t help but exclaim, “OHAHAHA! O TARNISHED HOW MIGHTY ART THOU? SUCH A SIGHT. I, IGON THE DRAKE WARRIOR CROWN YOU, AS A MIGHTY DRAKE WARRIOR! AHAHAHAH!”, “IF FATE DEEMS IT, WE SHALL MEET ONCE MORE. AT THE SUMMIT OF THE JAGGED PEAK.”
Gathering every ounce of my pride, I asked of him, “Tarnished Warrior, I ask of thee to take me with you to the summit.” Such a request it was, yet the Warrior accepted. He and I scaled the mountain together and even faced the Mighty Ancient Dragon Senessax. O, how easily the Tarnished Warrior slayed the beast, but I knew…..that Bayle was like no other.
As the sky grew darker, and the Fiery Lightning of Bayle started being apparent, the two of us felt the looming presence of Bayle the Dread. The long path we had left to scale, turned into mere steps and finally, there we were… outside the Gate of the Summit, where I had fought the Dreaded Dragon.
The Tarnished Warrior knew that Bayle was beyond the Gate. I gathered my Harpoons and my Great Warbow and began to aim at the sky. The Tarnished Warrior and I headed in and waited, but nothing. Such an irritating sight, I exclaimed, “CURSE YOU BAAAAAYYYYYYYYLE! I HEREBY VOW THAT YOU WILL RUE THIS DAY!” As I said this, the entire summit started to quake. The quaking made it clear that Bayle had heard me and was approaching.
I looked at the sky and there he was. It was a terrifying sight, but both the Tarnished warrior and I managed to escape. Bayle looked at me, but he knew the true threat was the man beside me. The dreaded dragon took no notice of my harpoons, instead, he looked at the Tarnished Warrior and launched a flurry of flame and lightning at him. The Tarnished Warrior endured the terrifyingly powerful attacks of the Dreaded Bayle—Such strong determination I’d never seen. It fueled my ambitions, so I began firing my harpoons at Bayle.
“BEHOLD BAYLE! A TRUE DRAKE WARRIOR AND I, IGON. YOUR FEARS MADE FLESH! SOLID OF SCALE YOU MIGHT BE FOUL DRAGON, BUT I WILL RIDDLE YOUR HOLES WITH A HAIL OF HARPOONS!”
Suddenly, the Tarnished Warrior staggered the dreaded beast for but a moment–that was our only chance to win, so we took it. I rained my harpoons upon him, while the Tarnished Warrior attacked the Bayle’s Head. Suddenly, Bayle began to get up. The Dreaded Dragon roared in such pain that it released powerful fiery lightning bolts all around the summit.
It took all our might to knock down the dreaded beast, and we weren’t letting it be for nothing. The Tarnished Warrior leaped onto the Dragon’s Head and stabbed it. Bayle, the dreaded dragon roared with all its might, but that was the beast’s mistake. I aimed at his heart and rained down my harpoons. It took very many harpoons, but it was clear that I managed to pierce his flesh. This made it clear that I had indeed, hit his heart. The foul beast fell, and we were completely exhausted. When it all seemed like Sunshines and Rainbows, Bayle started to get up. The Dreaded Dragon roared once again. We glanced at one another and knew our time of death had arrived. And yet….. it hadn’t. Bayle… had collapsed. And we… had won.
“AHAHAHAHA! BAYLE! YOU SHALL HAUNT ME, NO LONGER!” I exclaimed, knowing that I had fulfilled my duty. The honor of my Lord, Placidusax was restored once more. I looked at the Tarnished Warrior, “You have my deepest gratitude, Tarnished Warrior. Ye shall be written in songs and in stories for people to hear. Thank you, Tarnished Warrior.” He smiled at me, took Bayle’s Heart, and descended the Summit. I looked at the sky, lying down, and thought about my journey. I closed my eyes and opened them. “Ah, a faint light. Tis the time, it seemeth.” And that was it…..
संसारभरि सबैसँग भएको यो कुरा
कहिले अगाडि त कहिले पछाडि
कहिले दायाँ त कहिले बायाँ
हामी सबैको प्यारो कालाे छाया
अरु जोसुकैले साथ छाडि गए पनि
कहिले छोड्दैन यो कालाेले साथ
दिनभरि घाम हुँदा लाग्छ पछिपछि
तर
हराउँछ याे कालाे घामरुपि जीवन अस्ताएपछि
I am originally from Dang district. It is situated in the Terai region. I have spent the majority of my life living in Dang and it has just been a year since I’ve started living in Kathmandu and studying here at Deerwalk Sifal School. I studied in two different parts of Nepal and I have found a lot of differences in the education system of these two places.
The main difference is the method of teaching. In Ghorahi, Dang students are taught in traditional ways. What I mean from it is that as a student I never felt excited going to school except for talking to friends whereas in Kathmandu children feel excited going to school as they do not have to study all the time. The students have ECA, extra subjects like Sanskrit, Sports, Music and many activities to take part in, which are completely missing from the education system in Dang. We used to focus only on study in the school in Dang and there were some activities like sports but once in a blue moon. Personally I think that academically (in terms of getting good grades and knowledge about the subject we need to study) Dang is significantly better. We studied a lot and did a lot of homework which made us academically strong which might sound good at first but like me majority of the students were really shy and did not have any communication skills as we never took part in debates and speech competitions. I grew up in that environment where I never took part in any activities. So after coming from Dang I was really shy and nervous studying over here. One of the main reasons for joining Deerwalk Sifal school is that it makes us take part in activities such as debates, ECA , writing, reading and many more.
Another big difference that I found in two schools is how the students speak English. In my whole schooling life of 13 years from Nursery to 10 I never spoke a single sentence in English with my friends. So, I still feel that my English speaking skill is really weak. As I have an interest in listening to English music and watching English movies and reading and writing English poems, my English writing is not that bad but I feel insecure speaking in front of people in English due to my weak English speaking. I can't simply blame the education system of Dang because the place where I studied in, was one of the best schools of that place in accordance with the marks the students get. The fees in Dang are like 10% of the fees of schools in Kathmandu. So, expecting the same amount of facilities is a stupid thing but I still feel the school should have forced us to take part in some speaking competitions. After coming to Kathmandu I’ve known the importance of speaking skills.
Even though I have shown the bad sides of the education system of Dang, the schools there have a lot of great things. According to my experience, I feel the education system of Dang has pushed me more than my limit academically as I was able to top for some years. From the education system of Kathmandu I’m finally able to push my boundaries in speaking, writing and reading aspects which will help me a lot in my future life and now I am not that shy kid anymore.
आधुनिक युगमा युवा पुस्ताको जीवनमा देखापर्ने दुर्व्यसनको समस्या एक गम्भीर र चिन्ताजनक विषय बन्दै गएको छ । दुर्व्यसन भन्नाले केवल नशालु पदार्थहरूको अत्यधिक सेवन गर्ने आदत मात्र होइन बरु यसमा इन्टरनेट, जुवा, खेल, वा अन्य कुनै पनि नकारात्मक आदतहरू पनि समावेश हुन्छन् । जसले व्यक्तिको मानसिक, शारीरिक, सामाजिक र आर्थिक स्थितिमा गम्भीर र दीर्घकालीन प्रभाव पार्न सक्छ । यस्ता दुर्व्यसनहरूको प्रभाव व्यक्तित्व विकास, सामाजिक सम्बन्ध, शैक्षिक प्रगति, र व्यक्तिको कार्यक्षमतामा नकारात्मक रूपमा पर्ने हुँदा यसको समाधान खोज्नु अत्यन्त जरुरी छ । नशालु पदार्थहरूको सेवन गर्नेदेखि लिएर डिजिटल उपकरणहरूमा अत्यधिक समय बिताउने सम्मका व्यसनहरूले युवाहरूलाई उनको वास्तविक क्षमता प्राप्त गर्नबाट विचलित गर्दछन् ।
युवा पुस्तामा दुर्व्यसनका विभिन्न कारणहरू छन्, जुन व्यक्तिगत, सामाजिक, र मानसिक स्थितिहरूबाट प्रेरित हुन्छन् । सबैभन्दा प्रमुख कारणहरूमा सामाजिक प्रभाव अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण छ, जहाँ मित्रमण्डली र समाजबाट आउने दबाबले युवाहरूलाई नशालु पदार्थहरूको प्रयोग गर्न आकर्षित गर्दछ । यो दबाब सामाजिक स्वीकृतिको खोजीमा रहेका युवाहरूमा विशेष गरी देखा पर्दछ । त्यसैगरी मानसिक तनाव, जसका मुख्य कारणहरूमा अध्ययन र रोजगारीको दबाब र पारिवारिक समस्याहरू पर्छन् । व्यक्तिहरूलाई दुर्व्यसनमा लिप्त हुन प्रेरित गर्दछ । यी समस्याहरूले व्यक्तिलाई आफूलाई राहत प्रदान गर्ने अस्थायी उपायको रूपमा दुर्व्यसनलाई हेर्न बाध्य बनाउँछ।
यसैगरी जिज्ञासा र प्रयोगको भावनाले पनि युवाहरूलाई नयाँ चीजहरूप्रति आकर्षित गर्दछ । खास गरी जब ती चीजहरू सामाजिक रूपमा आकर्षक वा रोमाञ्चक मानिन्छन् । युवा मानिसहरू आफ्नो पहिचान र सीमाहरू खोजिरहेका हुन्छन् र यस प्रक्रियामा उनीहरू अक्सर जोखिम लिन तयार हुन्छन्, जसमा दुर्व्यसन पनि पर्छ । अन्तमा, मिडिया र विज्ञापनको प्रभावले देखाइने आकर्षक जीवनशैली र सामाजिक स्वीकृतिले पनि युवाहरूलाई दुर्व्यसनतर्फ धकेल्ने कार्य गर्दछ।
दुर्व्यसनका प्रभावहरू व्यक्तिको जीवनका विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूमा गहिरो असर पार्ने गर्दछन्, जसमा स्वास्थ्यमा समस्या, शैक्षिक प्रगतिमा बाधा, आर्थिक समस्या, र सामाजिक सम्बन्धहरूमा तनाव मुख्य हुन् । यी प्रभावहरू सतही रूपमा मात्र होइन, बरु व्यक्तिको शारीरिक, मानसिक, आर्थिक र सामाजिक अस्तित्वमा गहिरासम्म प्रवेश गर्दछन् । दुर्व्यसनले मानसिक र शारीरिक स्वास्थ्यमा गम्भीर समस्याहरू सिर्जना गर्न सक्छ । जस्तै लत, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य समस्या र शारीरिक समस्या । यिनले व्यक्तिको जीवनको गुणस्तरमा नकारात्मक प्रभाव पार्दछ।
शैक्षिक प्रगतिमाथि पनि दुर्व्यसनको असर पर्दछ, जसले व्यक्तिको एकाग्रता, स्मरणशक्ति, र अध्ययनप्रतिको उत्साहमा ह्रास ल्याउँदछ । यसले न केवल शैक्षिक प्रदर्शनमा असर पार्छ तर भविष्यमा करियरका अवसरहरूमा पनि प्रभाव पार्दछ, जसले व्यक्तिको आर्थिक र सामाजिक स्थितिमा दीर्घकालीन असर पार्न सक्छ। दुर्व्यसनमा खर्च हुने धेरै पैसाले आर्थिक समस्याहरू सिर्जना गर्दछ, जसले व्यक्ति र उनको परिवारलाई आर्थिक सङ्कटमा धकेल्दछ। यसको परिणामस्वरूप, ऋणको बोझ, आर्थिक अनिश्चितता र जीवनको मानकमा कमी आउन सक्छ।
दुर्व्यसनको समस्यालाई हल गर्न विभिन्न उपायहरू अपनाउन सकिन्छ । जागरूकता अभियानहरूमार्फत युवाहरूलाई दुर्व्यसनका खतराहरूबारे जानकारी प्रदान गर्न सकिन्छ । मनोवैज्ञानिक सहायता र परामर्श सेवाहरूमार्फत तनाव व्यवस्थापन र आत्म-सुधारमा मद्दत गर्न सकिन्छ। सकारात्मक शाेकहरू विकास गरेर युवाहरूलाई दुर्व्यसनबाट टाढा राख्न सकिन्छ । कानुनी कदमहरूमार्फत लागूऔषध र मद्यपानमा कडाइ गरेर पनि यस समस्यालाई नियन्त्रण गर्न सकिन्छ।
दुर्व्यसन नेपालका युवाहरूका लागि एक ठूलो चुनौती हो । यसले व्यक्तिको स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा, आर्थिक स्थिति, र सामाजिक सम्बन्धहरूमा गम्भीर प्रभाव पार्दछ । यस समस्याको समाधानका लागि समग्र र समन्वित प्रयास आवश्यक छ, जसमा सरकार, समाज, र परिवार सबैको सहयोग चाहिन्छ । जागरूकता, शिक्षा, र सहयोगमा जोड दिएर मात्रै हामी युवा पुस्तालाई दुर्व्यसनको चंगुलबाट मुक्त गराउँन सक्छौँ ।
Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) is a developmental disorder where the symptoms occur at the age of three. Most children having autism look normal like other kids but the way they act and interact differs from the other children. When they interact with others, they may respond in an unusual way or not respond at all.
According to Autism Research Institute (2023) :
For many years diagnosis of autism was rare. It occurred in just 1 child out of 2000 children. However, since the mid 1980s, the rate of autistic children has increased to a large extent. In March 2020, the US Federal Centers for Disease Control announced that autism has affected 1 child out of 54 children. It is more likely to affect boys than girls. (para. 5)
Autistic children require almost constant attention to meet their daily needs. There are numerous conditions occurring alongside autism. These include depression, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is not uncommon to have autism in younger siblings when an older child has been diagnosed by it as well. One individual facing autism may have much difficulty in communicating with other people. Avoidance of eye contact is also a common symptom of it. They perform the same behavior again and again such as eating the same food at every meal and watching the same videos repeatedly. They hurt themselves physically in every way possible such as biting their hands, banging their head against the wall or ground or excessively rubbing their skin.
There are many ways to treat these behaviors. The first step should be to take a child with symptoms to see a doctor. There has been a clear focus on the ways or means of identifying autism early and focus on those risks of a diagnosis. Speech therapies are suggested to those who have difficulties using appropriate tone of voice, using body language and asking and answering the questions. The child may be over reactive, under reactive or crave sensory sensations as well. It is very important to work with healthcare professionals and support the treatments. Parents must give attention to their child and try to understand them better.
Autism can show up differently in boys and girls. Some girls with autism might try to act more like other kids. They might hide the symptoms of autism like the way they behave or how they feel. They try to be normal which makes it harder for doctors to see the signs of autism and diagnose it correctly. So, even though there might be just as many girls with autism as boys, they might get missed because they're good at hiding it. Also children facing autism might start changing from childhood to adulthood. The increasing number of autism in adulthood is a reminder that it might also be a lifelong condition for some people.
Autism presents many conditions characterized by a wide range of experiences. People diagnosed with ASD exhibit challenges in social interaction and communication. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the unique perspectives within autistic community. We can empower people with ASD by fostering a favorable environment for them to cope up with and flourish in the society they are living.
Reference
firespringInt. (2023, September 11). Is it Autism? Learn the Signs - Autism Research Institute. Autism
Research Institute.
https://autism.org/is-it-autism/#:~:text=For%20many%20years%20a%20diagnosis,States%20is%20affected%20by%20autism
सर्वप्रथम त उद्यमशीलतालाई सरल भाषामा नयाँ व्यापार वा व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्ने प्रक्रिया हो, जसमा खतरा लिएर त्यसबाट फाइदा उठाउने मुख्य लक्ष्य हुन्छ । उद्यमशीलता भनेको केही कामको सुरुवात गरी त्यसबाट आउने फाइदा वा घाटालाई स्विकार्दै काम सिक्नको लागि अघि पर्नु हो ।
उद्यमशीलता सञ्चालन गर्ने व्यक्तिहरूलाई उद्यमी भनिन्छ । उद्यमशीलताको सबै प्रक्रिया गर्ने र काम सफलता पूर्ण गर्ने भनेको नै उद्यमीले नै हो । सबै खतरा र फाइदा उठाउने भनेको नै उद्यमी नै हो ।
उद्यमशीलता रोजगारीको सिर्जना गर्ने एक मुख्य स्रोत पनि हो । यदि एउटा उद्यमीले उद्यमशीलताको सुरुवात गर्छ भने उसले कामको लागि ठुलो सोच राखेकाे हुन्छ । ठुलो सोचेको भएकाले उसलाई काम गर्नको लागि अरु मद्दत गर्ने हातहरूको पनि आवश्यकता हुन्छ किनभने ऊ एक्लैले गर्ने सक्ने काम भने उद्यमशीलता होइन । यसबाट थुप्रै मद्दत गर्ने हातहरूको आवश्यक भएकाले उसले ती मदत गर्ने हातहरूलाई रोजगारी प्रदान गर्छ । ती कला भएका, सिप भएका तर स्रोत नभएका दक्ष जनशक्तिले रोजगारी पाउँछन् ।
रोजगारी पाइसकेपछि तीन ओटा मुख्य समस्याको समाधान हुन्छ । पहिलो त दक्ष जनशक्ति अर्थात् युवाहरू विदेसिनु पर्दैन किनकि उनीहरूले आफ्नो कला र सिप देखाउने ठाउँ पाउँछन् । दोश्रो उनीहरूको लागि एउटा अर्थको स्रोतको सिर्जना हुन्छ । तेश्रो सबै युवाहरूले रोजगारी देशमा नै पाएपछि कोही पनि विदेसिनु परेन र आफैलेले अर्थको व्यवस्था गर्न सक्ने भइसकेपछि देशमा पनि अर्थको कमी हुँदैन । देशको आर्थिक स्थितिमा सुधार आउँछ । यसरी आर्थिक संमृद्धिकाे आधार उद्यमशीलता बन्छ ।
उद्यमशीलताले उद्यमीहरूलाई रचनात्मक र फरक शैलीको जीवन बाच्न सिकाउँछ। उद्यमशीलताबाट उद्यमीहरूले सिक्ने कुराहरू र ज्ञानहरूबाट उनीहरूको सोच्ने तरिका र जीवनलाई हेर्ने शैलीमा परिवर्तन आउँछ। उद्यमशीलताबाट सामाजिक परिवर्तन पनि हुन्छ। उद्यमशीलताको ज्ञान समाजमा सबैले पाएपछि सबै यस बारे ज्ञात हुन्छन् र समाजमा पनि यसले परिवर्तन ल्याउँछ । उद्यमशीलताले हाम्रो देशको आर्थिक स्थिति सुधारेर विकास निम्त्याउँछ र जसले गर्दा हामी विश्वको उद्यमशीलताको बजारमा प्रतिस्पर्धा पनि गर्न अरुसँग पनि सक्छौँ । उद्यमशीलताले कुनै पनि ज्ञान वा सिपलाई खेर जान पनि दिँदैन। उद्यमशीलता एउटा सानो कुरा नभई ठुलो प्लेटफर्म भएकाले गर्दा भिन्नभिन्न पृष्ठभूमिबाट आएका मनिसहरूले उद्यमशीलताको सिर्जना गर्छन् त्यसैले कुनै पनि सिप खेर जाँदैन । कुनै न कुनै बाटो आफै खुल्छ किनकि यसमा पनि विविधता हुन्छ । उद्यमशीलताबाट प्रोत्साहित भएर धेरै बेरोजगार भएर बसेका मनिसहरू पनि यसमा संलग्न हुन खोज्छन् जसले गर्दा उनीहरूको सिप र श्रम खेर जाँदैन ।
अन्ततः उद्यमशीलता गर्नु सजिलो छैन । जसले पायाे त्यसैले गएर उद्यमशीलता गर्छु भनेर पनि हुँदैन। यसको लागि कडा मेहेनत र परिश्रमको पनि उत्तिकै आवश्यकता पर्छ । साथै पुँजीकाे पनि उत्तिकै आवश्यकता पर्दछ । यसको लागि फरक प्रकारले साेच्ने तरिका हुनुपर्छ । फाइदा उठाउने मात्र सोच राखेर हुँदैन घाटा र खतरालाई पनि सम्हाल्न सक्नु पनि पर्दछ । यदि उद्यमशीलता गर्नका लागि हुनु पर्ने सबै गुण त्यो मानिससँग छ भने त ऊ अवस्य नै सफल हुन्छ । निस्कर्ष भन्नुपर्दा आर्थिक समृद्धिकाे आधार भनेको नै अहिलेको आधुनिक दुनियाँमा उद्यमशीलता नै हो ।
Introduction:
It can be impossible to describe the vast and dynamic nature of the universe, emphasizing the central role of galaxies as fundamental components. Within these galaxies, there lie supermassive black holes that reside at their cores, and in certain cases, these black holes turn into Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). AGN are characterized by their various consumption of matter. There exists a specific type of AGN known as quasars, which are intensely bright cores located in the distant parts of the universe. Quasars are highlighted as extreme examples of AGN. They are incredibly luminous. They are beacons that offer a different perspective into the early stages of the universe, which provide valuable insights into the processes that have influenced its creation and evolution over time.
Quasars, also known as quasi-stellar radio sources, are very significant in the context of active galactic nuclei. Quasars are described as sources of intense brilliance that originate from the central supermassive black hole in active galaxies. The process involves the black hole consuming large amounts of matter, leading to the formation of a swirling accretion disk. This disk becomes a battleground for massive clouds of material, experiencing strong gravitational forces that result in collisions and rapid orbital movements.
When things collide and move fast in the disk around the black hole in a quasar, it gets very hot. This heat makes the disk shine much brighter than entire galaxies. The gas clouds in the disk zoom around really fast, from 10% to over 80% of the speed of light. Studying quasars gives astronomers a special chance to learn about the early universe. Quasars are like faraway lights that have traveled a very long way, showing us a bit of the important cosmic events that happened in the ancient times of our universe.
The Galactic Center:
Quasars become bright lights when a bunch of gas gathers around a giant black hole in the middle of a galaxy. This can happen early in the universe when streams of material flow into the galaxy through cosmic pathways called filaments. Later on, quasars might also light up when galaxies crash into each other or come very close, making strong gravitational forces. As the gas falls into the black hole, it releases a significant amount of energy. This process makes the quasar shine incredibly bright.
Formation of Quasars (Supermassive Blackholes):
When a large amount of gas gathers around a Black Hole, Quasars are formed. This can happen early in the universe when streams of stuff flow into the galaxy through pathways called filaments. Sometimes, quasars light up later when galaxies bump into each other or get very close, creating strong gravitational forces. When the gas falls into the black hole, it lets out a ton of energy, making the quasar shine really bright. One can picturize galaxies as busy cities in space; when they collide or get close, it's like a spark that turns on quasars. Scientists study these events to understand how the universe changes over a really long time, and quasars help tell the incredible story of the cosmos.
Quasars are super bright lights in space. They form when a lot of gas gathers around a big black hole in the middle of a galaxy. This can happen in the early times of the universe when streams of material flow into the galaxy through cosmic pathways called filaments. Quasars can turn on later when galaxies crash into each other or come really close, making powerful gravitational forces. When the gas falls into the black hole, it lets out a lot of energy, making the quasar shine super bright.
Think of galaxies like big cities in space. Sometimes, these cities crash into each other or get close, and that's when quasars turn on. It's like a big spark when things collide. Studying these events helps scientists understand how the universe changes over a really long time. So, quasars act like cosmic flashlights, showing us the incredible story of the universe.
Feedback From Quasars:
There's a fascinating thing called "feedback." This happens when quasars give off strong radiation, creating powerful outflows of ionized gas, like space winds. These outflows affect their home galaxies in both helpful and troublesome ways. They can start huge starbursts by pushing gas clouds together, but on the flip side, they might stop star-making by kicking out or heating up interstellar gas. This cosmic dance can have long-lasting effects, sometimes hitting pause on a galaxy's star-making time for different lengths. It shows how quasars and their galaxies have a detailed and powerful connection.
Feedback exposes the way quasars influence their galactic homes This dance begins at the moment quasars emit incredibly strong radiation causing significant cosmic events in their home galaxies. One key part of this feedback is the formation of powerful outflows, in which ionized gas flies away from the quasar, sort of like the solar wind only much bigger. The flows of these outflows, reddening and heating the gases while driving the grains as they go through the galaxy, affect in both good and bad ways on how stars form. They can induce enormous starbursts by compressing gas clouds, nevertheless, they can also prevent star-generation by expelling or heating interstellar gas. The consequences of quasar feedback go beyond a very localized one, sometimes putting off star formation by different measures. It displays the way those celestial encounters have consequential implications.
Therefore, the connection between quasars and their galaxies, seen in the feedback process, reveals powerful forces shaping the cosmos. The impact of quasar-driven outflows demonstrates a balance, influencing both the start and stop of star formation in galaxies. In this continuous interaction, the lasting effects of quasar feedback play a crucial role in deciding the fate of galaxies, sometimes causing a temporary pause in their star-forming activity. This ongoing partnership between galaxies and quasars highlights the ever changing and influential dynamics of these interactions across the vast expanse of the universe.
Spectrum of AGN:
AGN spin a vast spectrum, emitting diverse energy levels. Positioned near the extreme high end of this spectrum, quasars stand out, yet they represent just one facet of AGN diversity. The brilliance of quasars results from their near face-on orientation to us. When viewed precisely head-on, they transform into blazars, where the relativistic jet appears brighter and seemingly 'blazing.' Some more interesting among blazars are "BL Lac" objects, displaying dramatic brightness variations and a spectrum lacking distinct spectral lines.
Seyfert galaxies, another AGN category, possess an accretion disk but lack a prominent jet, exhibiting weaker activity than quasars. Seyferts are divided into Type I and Type II, representing the same object viewed from different angles. Type I Seyferts, seen face-on, display two strong sets of spectral lines, broad and narrow, whereas Type II Seyferts, observed edge-on, lack pronounced broad emission lines due to a thick torus of dust blocking some emissions.
In contrast to quasars and blazars, Low Ionization Nuclear Emission-line Regions (LINERs) showcase weak AGN activity, with some potentially lacking an accretion disk. Furthermore, all AGN fall into two categories: radio-loud and radio-quiet galaxies regardless of their specific type. For instance, some quasars like 3C 273 emit lots of radio waves, while others remain radio-quiet.
Thus, the comprehensive understanding of AGN reveals a rich tapestry of celestial phenomena, each contributing uniquely to our comprehension of the dynamic forces at play within galaxies.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Quasars act as the brightest lighthouses across the cosmos, thus making it the only way to observe the early universe. They are born from the energetic activity from around the supermassive black holes during the process of merging of galaxies; hence exposing the intricate interplay between such massive cosmic structures. Quasars among other sources like blazars and Seyfert galaxies contribute to the our study of AGN diversity.
The feedback mechanism, where quasars emit a potent energy, is very essential in the exertion of galaxies. Energetic starburst feedback drives galaxy star formation, illustrating a dynamic evolutionary process.
विज्ञान भनेको विशिष्ट ज्ञान हो, जुन विचार, अवलोकन र अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त गरिन्छ । प्रविधि भनेको कुनै पनि औजार वा सामग्रीको प्रयोग गरि कुनै पनि कार्यलाई अझ सरल बनाउने ज्ञान हो । हामी सबैलाई थाहा नै होला । आजको युग भनेको विज्ञान र प्रविधिको युग हो । आजको जीवन विज्ञान र प्रविधिबिना अपुरो बन्न पुगेको छ ।
सन् १९१० को दशन यता विश्वमा सूचना तथा सञ्चार र प्रविधिको युग सुरु भएको मनिन्छ । आजको पुस्ताको अधिकांश समय मोबाइल, ल्यापटप र कम्प्युटर कै स्क्रिनमा बितेको पाइन्छ साथै अहिलेका अधिकांश युवाहरूको प्राय सबै काम इन्टरनेटबाट नै हुन्छ । प्रविधिका करण घन्टौँ लाग्ने काम एकछिन् मै हुन्छ ।
फेसबुक, ट्विटर, युट्युब, इन्स्टाग्राम आदि आजको युगको प्रविधि र विज्ञानले विकास गरेको वर्तमानका नमुना हुन् । संसारको जुनसुकै कुनामा घटेको घटना हामी घरबाहिर पनि ननिस्किन सजिलै थाहा पाउन सक्छौँ । विज्ञान र प्रविधिले सञ्चार र यातायातमा पनि धेरै विकास र परिवर्तन ल्याएको छ ।
१० वर्ष आगाडि नेपालको अवस्था हेर्ने हो भने, नेपालमा सञ्चार, यातायात, प्रविधिकाे विकास भने भएको थिएन । सञ्चारको उदाहरण लिने हो भने पदेसिएका छोराछाेरीको सन्चो बिसन्चो थाहा पाउन पनि महिनौ कुर्नुपर्थ्यो। एक छाक खानामा चाहिने नुन किन्न घन्टौँ पैदल यात्रा गर्नु पर्थ्यो । अहिले त्यस्तो कहाँ छ र ! सहरमा मात्र नभई गाउँघरतिर पनि प्रविधिको विकास भएको छ ।
यातायात र सञ्चार सुबिधा बाहेक प्रविधिको सकारात्मक प्रभाव शिक्षामा पनि परेको छ । आजकल अधिकांश विद्यालयले स्मार्ट बोर्ड, प्रोजेक्टर लगायत अन्य प्रविधि प्रयोग गरी शिक्षा प्रधान गरिरहेका छन् । यसको मध्यमबाट पढ्दा र पढाउँदा शिक्षक र विद्यार्थी दुबैलाई सजिलो पनि भएको छ । विद्यार्थीलाई पढ्नलाई पनि इन्टरनेटमार्फत कुनै पनि कुराको जानकारी प्राप्त गर्न सहज भइरहेको छ ।
कोरोनको समयको उदाहरण लिने हो भने त्यतिबेला सबै विद्यालय बन्द हुँदा विद्यार्थीहरूले आफ्नो पढाइलाई अनलाइन कक्षाद्वारा निरन्तरता दिन पाएका थिए । यो सबै प्रविधि र विकास कै कारण सम्भव भएको हो ।
