World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers). Thanks to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, World War I saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction. By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—lost their lives.

Tension had been brewing between a lot of European countries especially between Austria-Hungary’s Bosnia, Serbia and Herzegovina. Several alliances were made involving the Ottoman Empire, Russia and other parties for years but these three states threatened the alliances and at last, a person from Serbia assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary along with his wife. Naturally the Austria-Hungary and many countries blamed the government of Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. They used that to justify the question of Serbia’s nationalism once and for all. 

There were a lot of agreements made before the war had started. Serbia and Austria began a war when Russia had to send troops to their allies the Serbians then Germany came into the picture telling the Russians to back off but they didn’t listen so the germans attacked the Russians then Germany asked franc to stay neutral but franc had agreed to send more than a million troops to russia’s ade if they were attacked by either Austria or Germany so Germany attacked them and France returned the favour by attacking them back later Italy helped the allied force and attacked Austria but to help Austria the Germans had to take over Belgium but there was an agreement between Belgium and Britain so Britain attacked Germany.

References:

October 29, 2009, https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/ludendorff-offensive

October 29, 2009 https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history

The type of car that runs on cable is called cable car. First cable car was made in San Francisco in 1873 by Andrew Smith Hallidie. Cable cars are made to make transportation easy in hills,Mountains.

The longest cable car of the world is situated in Armenia. This cable car was finished making on 16th October, 2010. It’s name is “Wings of Tatev”. It has a length of 5.7 km. There are three cable cars in our country 

• Manakamana cable car: Manakamana cable car is located in chitwan and was opened on November 24, 1998. The length of the cable car is 2,772.2 meters. The cable car was imported from Australia. The cable car runs between Cheres, Chitwan to Manakamana, Gorkha. The base station was the height of 846 ft and the top station has the height of 4,272 ft.

• Chandragiri cable car: Chandragiri cable car is a transportation system located in Chandragiri municipality. This cable runs between Thankot to Chandragiri hills. The length of his cable car is 2.4 km. This cable car consists of 38  gondolas. This cable car has the capacity of 1000 people per hour. This cable car was opened in 2016.

Kalinchok: It is situated in Kalinchowk Village Development Committee in Dolakha. The altitude of Kalinchok cable car is 3,842 m.

श्वेतभैरवी साहित्यकार विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाद्वारा रचित कथा सङ्ग्रह हो। श्वेतभैरवी कथा सङ्ग्रह २०३९ मा सङ्ग्रहित कथा सङ्ग्रह हो । वी पी कोइरालाद्वारा रचित कथा श्वेतभैरवी सङ्ग्रहका हरेक कथाले  महत्त्वपूर्ण सन्देश बोकेका छन् । यस सङ्ग्रहमा  चार ओटा कथाहरू रहेका छन । सान्नानी, राइटर बाजे, एक रात र श्वेत भैरवी।

पहिलो कथा सान्नानीमा लेखकले आफूलाई एक अबोध बालकको रूपमा प्रस्तुत गारेका छन्। ऊ एकदिन गाउँमा आइपुग्छ । उसकाे लागि त्यहाँको वातावरण एकदम नयाँ थियो किनभने उसले अहिलेसम्म गाउँ देखेको थिएन तर ऊ  सानैदेखि गाउँमा थियाे । त्यो अबोध बालकको भेट सान्नानीसँग हुन्छ। सान्नानीसँगको भेट उसकै आमाको माध्यमबाट भएको हुन्छ । सान्नानीले उसलाई गाउँ घुमाउँछिन् । उनीहरूको राम्रो मित्रता गाँसिन्छ।सान्नानीको सङ्गतले त्यो अबोध बालकमा पनि परिवर्तन आउन थाल्छ । सुरूसुरुमा लेखकलाई गाउँको ठुलो ठाउँमा घुम्न डर लाग्छ तर बिस्तारै मनबाट त्यो डर पनि हराउँदै जान्छ । केही समयको अन्तरालमा त्यस गाउँमा बाढी आउँछ र गाउँमा धेरै क्षति पुर्याउँछ।बिस्तारै त्यँहाको परिस्थिति सामान्य हुँदै जान्छ। समय क्रमसँगै म पात्र र सान्नानी एकदम राम्रा मित्र हुन्छन् तर एकदिन सान्नानीकी आमाले उनलाई केटाहरूसँग नबोल्न भन्छिन् । समाजले केटा र केटी बोलेको राम्रो मान्दैनन् भन्छिन् । उनीहरूको भेट हुन्छ । आमाको कुरा सम्झेर सान्नानी निराश भइरहेकी थिइन् । समय बित्दै जान्छ । लेखकको पनि सहर जाने बेला हुन्छ । सान्नानीको चाहिँ बिहे हुन लागेको हुन्छ । उनीहरू एकअर्कालाई नबिर्सिने वाचा गर्दै बिदा हुन्छन् । तिस बर्षपछि उनीहरूको भेट हुन्छ तर सान्नानीले लेखकलाई बिर्सिसकेकी हुन्छिन् । यसरी याे कथाकाे अन्त्य हुन्छ । कथाले हाम्रो समाजकै एक विषयलाई देखाएको छ । कसरी समाज र यहाँका मानिसहरूको कारणले मानिसहरूको सम्बन्धलाई बिगार्ने काम गर्छ ।यस कथाले थुप्रै मानिसहरूको जीवनसँग मेल खान्छ। 

When I was wandering around discord a friend messaged me suggesting that we should build a discord bot for our discord server. The skill level of the idea seemed way higher than my programming skills, but after binging through many YouTube “how to” tutorials, the idea seemed more approachable. After that, I finally decided to build my own discord bot.

First of all, discord is a digital social platform designed to build communities. Users communicate through voice channels, text channels, and private messages. Our discord community server had around 80 members at the time and we only focused on gaming topics in our server. I wanted to make a bot that is sarcastic and moderates the server. I started searching for a name for my bot. I wanted something that sounded cool and professional. I went off and on with many names and finally decided to settle with the name Archvile. Archvile is the name of a grotesque-looking monster which is from my personal favorite video game DOOM.

After that, I choose a javascript programming language to program my discord bot. I brainstormed many ideas and features for my bot. I binged through many tutorials and surfed the web for other bots’ source codes for my reference. On the first attempt, I finished all my coding and tried hosting the bot with a free hosting service. When I saw the bright green online circle beside my bot’s username I was overwhelmed with happiness. But that happiness did not last long. The hosting service did not support most of the code that I wrote and I had to start it all over again.

Most of the hosting services were paid services and I did not have any options. I started the programming all over again. I hosted my bot from my pc but it was not possible to host it for 24 hours with my PC. I added features like playing music through the bot so you can listen to music with your friends with high sound quality. I added many features like memes that the bot randomly sends from a subreddit when a user types a specific command.

As of now, I am still adding more functions and features. I am still trying to host my bot 24 hours. I have my bot added to 3 servers as of now and I am trying to expand the user base of my bot. My goal is to get my bot added to 100 servers and get the verified developer badge. 

 कम्प्युटर वा मोबाइलमा इन्टरनेट प्रविधिमार्फत आफूले प्राप्त गरेका वा आफूले सिर्जना गरेका विचार, डिजिटल फोटो वा भिडियोहरू  आदानप्रदान गर्न प्रयोग गरिने माध्यमलाई सामाजिक सञ्जाल भनिन्छ।यो वेवसाइट एवं इन्टरनेटको माध्यमद्वारा प्रत्यक्ष कुराकानी गर्ने, सूचना आदानप्रदान गर्ने साधन हो । यो समुदायमा आधारित सामग्री आदानप्रदान गर्ने सञ्चार च्यानल भएकाले यसलाई सामाजिक सञ्जाल भनिएको हो । यो सूचना आदानप्रदान गर्ने अनलाइन च्यानलहरूको सामूहिक रूप हो । फेसबुक, युट्युब, भाइबर, ट्वीटर, आदि यसका उदाहरण हुन् । यो खासगरी क्म्प्युटर (ल्यापटप वा डेस्कटप) र माबाइल (स्मार्टफोन वा ट्याब्लेट) जस्ता उपकरणमा इन्टरनेट जडान गरी प्रयोग गरिन्छ । यसको प्रयोगको दायरा धेरै फराकिलो छ । हरेक व्यक्तिले हरेक क्षेत्रमा प्रयोग गर्न सकिने सरल प्रविधि भएकाले यो अहिले मानिसको जीवनसाथी जस्तै बनेको छ । यसमा हाल प्रायः व्यक्तिले करिब २० प्रतिशत समय बिताउने गरेको पाइन्छ।

सामाजिक सञ्जालका फाइदा

सामाजिक सञ्जालका माध्यमबाट सूचना आदान प्रदान छिटाछरितो गर्न सकिन्छ। घरमै बसेर स्वदेश तथा विदेशमा प्रत्यक्ष सम्पर्क गर्न सकिन्छ ।  महत्त्वपूर्ण कागजात, फोटो एवं भिडियो तुरुन्तै आदानप्रदान गर्न सकिन्छ।कुनै घटना वा खास विषयवस्तुको प्रत्यक्ष प्रसारण गर्न सकिन्छ घरमै बसेर सरसामान खरिदबिक्री गर्न सकिन्छ । सारा विश्वलाई सानाे ठाउँबाट हेर्न सकिन्छ । अध्ययन अनुसन्धान एवं लेखन कार्यमा सघाउ पुग्छ । व्यक्ति, परिवार, समुदाय, कार्यालय, व्यापार व्यवसाय सबैले हरेक काममा प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ। 

समाजिक सञ्जालका बेफाइदा

सामाजिक सञ्जालमा बढी समय खर्च गर्ने,अरु प्रति नकारात्मक टिकाटिप्णी सेयर गर्ने, सामाजलाई हानी नोक्सानी गर्ने विषयबस्तु बढी शेयर गर्ने, अश्लील भिडियो तथा फोटो खिचेर अपलोड गरी सनसनी फैलाउने कार्य गर्ने ।अर्काको फोटो तथा भिडियोको दुरुपयोग गर्ने, समाजिक सञ्जाललाई अध्ययन अनुसन्धानको साधन भन्दा मनोरन्जनको साधनको रुपमा प्रयोग गर्ने । गलत समाचार सम्प्रषण गर्ने।
 

एकै घरका जहानकाे सामूहिक रूप नै परिवार हाे । एकै घरको छानामुनि बस्ने एकै भान्साको खाना बाँडेर खाने ,विवाह, रगत,ग्रहण,वा समर्पणको सम्बन्धभित्र आवद्ध सदस्यहरूको समूह नै परिवार हाे । सङ्ख्यात्मक हिसाबले परिवार सानो वा ठुलो हुन सक्छ । हाल मानिसहरू व्यस्त हुँदै जादा  संयुक्त परिवार कमै मात्रामा पाइन्छ भने साने र छाेटाे परिवार सहरिया परिवेशमा बढी मात्रामा पाइन्छ । नेपाली समाजमा परिवारकाे मुली प्राय पुरुष नै हुन्छन् । 

परिवारका सदस्य अनुशासित र सभ्य भएमा परिवार राम्ररी चल्छ । अभिभावकहरूले परिवारको हेरचाह गर्छन् र उनीहरूको सुरक्षा गर्दछन्।  परिवारमा भावनात्मक र कार्यगत एकता महत्त्वपूर्ण  हुन्छ । परिवारले एक अर्काको रक्षा गर्दछन् र एक अर्कालाई खाँचोमा सहायता गर्दछन्। परिवारमा कहिलेकाही सामान्य कुरामा मनमुटाव पनि हुन सक्छ । त्यस्ता मनमुटावलाई समाधान गरी अगाडि बढ्नुपर्छ । 

एक व्यक्तिको जीवनमा परिवार धेरै महत्त्वपूर्ण हुन्छ। परिवारले एक व्यक्तिको जीवनमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्दछ। परिवारले व्यक्तिको व्यक्तित्व आकार दिन्छ। यो परिवारमा निर्भर गर्दछ । यदि परिवार खुसी छ र असल छ भने, बच्चाहरू असल व्यक्ति बन्छन्। तर यदि परिवारमा कलह छ भने बच्चाहरूमा नकारात्मक  असर पर्न गई उनीहरुकाे भविष्य पनि अन्याेल हुन्छ । एक सुखी परिवारको लागी परिवारका सदस्यहरू बिच स्वस्थ सम्बन्ध हुनुपर्छ । सुखी परिवारका लागि परिवारका सदस्यहरूसँग स्वस्थ सम्बन्ध एकदम महत्त्वपूर्ण छ। जब परिवारबिच स्वस्थ सम्बन्ध हुँदैन, परिवार खुसी हुदैन।

 स्वस्थ सम्बन्धका लागि परिवारले एक अर्कासँग कुराकानी गर्न र समय बिताउन आवश्यक छ। यसले परिवार बीचको दुरी कम गर्छ। जब परिवारसँग कुनै कुराकानी हुँदैन तब सम्बन्ध टाढा हुन्छ। जस्तै आमाबुबा सधैँ काममा व्यस्त हुनुहुन्छ र आफ्ना बच्चाहरूसँग कुनै समय नै छैन भने । बच्चाहरुमा नैराश्यता उत्पन्न हुन्छ । यसले परिवारका सदस्यहरूमा मायाकाे कमी हुन्छ।  आधुनिक प्रविधिमा व्यस्त हुँदा परिवार एकल बन्न सक्छ । त्यसैले केही समय छु्ट्याएर  परिवारसँगै समय बिताउनुपर्दछ र एक अर्कासँग कुराकानी गर्नुपर्दछ। परिवारमा खुसी साट्ने काम गर्नुपर्छ ।

Produce is a survival series produced by Mnet. Till date there are 4 seasons of the series named as Produce 101, Produce 101 (Season 2), Produce 48 and Produce X 101. Here 101 trainees from around 48 different entertainment companies were introduced and they competed with one other to debut in a group upto a certain contract period. First season of produce season produced the girl group I.O.I in the year 2016. It had the contract period of one year and contained 10 members. They achieved numerous awards as I.O.I and disbanded after a year in 2017 after the contract ended. Second season also had the same procedure and produced the boy group Wanna One in 2018. They had 11 members and won 48 awards in just a year. They disbanded in 2019. 

Third season which produced girl group Iz*one was formed in 2018, had the contract period till 2021 and forth season produced X1 which was produced in 2019 but never debuted due to various scandals. Idol school, however, is slightly different. It has had only one season which produced fromise_9. And fromise_9 is a permanent group rather than a contract and were chosen from 41 trainees. Both of the shows were however hosted by Mnet. 

In all shows the rankings of the trainees along with the final lineup were supposed to be chosen by voting system. However, after the final episode of produce X 101 aired netizens found numerical patterns in the votes. On August 1, 2019, 272 viewers filed a lawsuit against Mnet, as their on-site text voting service charged ₩100 per vote, prompting an investigation led by the Seoul Metropolitan Police.

Ahn Joon-Young and Kim Yong-Bum, producers for the Produce 101 series, were arrested on November 5, 2019. Ahn later admitted to manipulating the rankings to all four seasons of the Produce 101 series. On December 3, 2019, Ahn, Kim, and six other entertainment agency representatives were indicted for charges including obstruction of business, fraud and bribery. A court trial began on December 20, 2019. On October 1, 2019, the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency confirmed that votes from eliminated trainees were added to the total votes of the members who debuted in X1, a process that affected 2-3 trainees who were originally in the top 11. Same happened with Iz*one and two trainees were taken out form the original lineup. LAterthemain producers agreed to have manipulated voting of the first two seasons as well. 

On October 3, 2019, a trainee of Idol School anonymously said that only three to four of the 4,000 applicants had auditioned to appear on the show, and majority of the trainees who were in the show did not audition . In an interview with MBC, one of the trainees alleged that, throughout their six-month training period, the contestants were only given clothes appropriate for the summer and had to wear them in cold weather. In addition to that, they were cut off from outside communication, were only allowed to buy daily necessities once a month, and were not given enough food to eat. She  also claimed their rankings were rigged too and investigation is going on this case. 

After the scandal X1 did not debut and the members were back at their own agencies. IZ*one is still doing their activities and is preparing for a comeback but the members are given a lot of hate after the scandal and are under a lot of pressure. Fromise_9 went on almost a year long hiatus and had their recent comeback in August even though not many promotion activities are given to them. Since I.O.I and Wanna one already disbanded they did not suffer a lot. 

Now these survival shows are the hope of many young trainees who spend almost their most time in the practice room dancing and singing hoping for a bright future. No matter how small or big the company they come from they all have worked hard equally and doing these sorts  of things will only damage their mental health and their chance of succeeding on their dreams of debuting. Also difference in screen time, giving priorities/favoritism, having them on strict diets on these shows will damage hundreds on the trainees career and their hard work. However, blaming the idols who debuted for these incidents is also wrong. They were trainees who equally worked hard to get their positions and because of rigged producers and shows systems, they should not be given hate or threats to leave the group. 

Resources- https://www.reddit.com/r/kpop/comments/cxd0tm/produce_48_speculated_of_vote_manipulation_by_kbs/

https://www.reddit.com/r/HobbyDrama/comments/e2ew0p/kpop_how_one_of_the_biggest_groups_turned_out_to/

https://www.reddit.com/r/kpop/comments/dw4l5g/police_have_reportedly_found_evidence_of_vote/

Video games are in an ever-developing phase. May it be to story lengths or by graphics which attempts a user to appear it like real life, joint with console juggernauts such as Playstation, Nintendo, Xbox and more, attempt for realism by upgrading hardware materials such as processor, graphic cards, it makes a new limit for what game developers can work on.

Consoles are similar platforms that a graphic developer uses for making new virtual applications often referred to as apps. These apps can be made in various genres. Specifically, Intensive Graphic Designing requires strong workstation, that's when the computer parts distributing companies come in handy. Big companies such as Intel for microprocessors, and Nvidia for its breathtaking graphic cards which extends the limits of ever developing ideas to make virtual graphics. But, nowadays, from the video games’ perspective, there has been a close race between the quality and performance on reaching the final limit. But it still cannot be decided if the final limit has been set because of the reason that the new “next-gen” consoles are already out. The Ps5 and the Xbox series X or S being an example, which had promised 1080p on 60fps which is a significant leap as the max used to be 720p on 30 fps. This was basically good news as the console section had a quality leap after a long time. Similarly, desktop workstations being a universal form of “console” newer components being crafted such as the RTX 3090, the AMD Radeon 6900 XT, that supports ray tracing, effective for quality rendering and effective graphical management, helpful while making high end games. Along with it, new processors such as The Intel core i9, The Ryzen 5th generations (5950x,5200x etc.) bringing effective load management for smooth work and a beast workstation. This helps for extending the limits of what can be done within if the person has the buck for it. The ever development of technological devices from the overall sector has a chasable line where all the required materials are completely available and affordable.

Although the newer materials are being in under work and are quite such affordable for an all-invest for developers who work on these virtual graphics for applications, the ever increasing limit would be highly led by Desktops as the open source availability for them, more than consoles, workstations with strong components will help for great graphical designing and should be updated until a new gen hits.

परिवर्तन उपन्यास लेखक अर्जुनकुमार कार्कीद्वारा लिखित उपन्यास अनेक दृष्टिले बडो महत्त्वपूर्ण छ। यस उपन्यासमा धनवीरका तीनोटा छोराछोरी थिए।  तीमध्ये सबैभन्दा ठुलो चन्द्र थियो । धनवीरले चन्द्र ठुलो भएकाले उसको छिट्टै मुना नाम गरेकी केटीसँग विवाह गराइदिए। चन्द्रको विवाह मुनासँग भएपछि ऊ जागिरको खोजीमा सहर जान्छ र त्यहाँ गएर उसले अन्धविश्वासका  कुराहरू  देख्छ । ऊ  गाउँ फर्केपछि एउटा विद्यालयमा शिक्षण पेसामा संलग्न हुन्छ। एकदिन चन्द्रको समाजसेवीसँग भेट हुन्छ। समाजसेवीले उसलाई अरूमा परिवर्तन ल्याउनुभन्दा पहिले आफैँमा ल्याउनुपर्छ भने। त्यसैले चन्द्रले आफ्ना  नोकरहरूलाई आत्मनिर्भर बनाउन सक्यो भने उसको यो कार्यबाट अरू पनि प्रभावित भएर उसलाई समर्थन गर्छन्। यसबाट केही परिपवर्तन पनि हुन्छ । यो  देखेर सबै गाउँलेहरू  चकित भए । उनीहरूले यो सबै  कसरी भयो भन्ने  प्रश्न चन्द्रलाई गरे । चन्द्रले  उनीहरूलाई सिपमूलक तालिम लिएर आफैँ स्वावलम्बी बनेर पैसा कमाउन सकिन्छ भने । गाउँलेहरूलाई चन्द्रको भनाइ सही लाग्यो र धेरै गाउँलेहरू  चन्द्रको सिपमूलक तालिम  लिएर आफ्नो जीवनस्तर राम्रो बनाउनतिर लागे । यो सबै देखेर गाउँका ठुलाबडाहरू  धेरै रिसाएका थिए । उनीहरूले गाउँलेहरूलाई सम्झाउन खोजे तर सबैले उनीहरूको कुरा सुनेर पनि नसुनेझैँ गरे । केही दिनपछि चन्द्रकी पत्नी मुना गर्भवती भएको कुरा निस्क्यो। केही महिनापछि चन्द्रको छोरा मनोजको जन्म भयो। एकदिन चन्द्रले  विद्यालयमा प्रधान अध्यापकले चुरोट खाएको देख्यो। उसले प्र.अ.ले नै विद्यालयको स्वच्छ अध्ययन वातावरणलाई प्रदूषित बनाएकाे कुरा  उनीरूले बताए । प्र.अ.विरुद्ध आवाज उठाएकाले चन्द्र र उसका साथीहरूले शिक्षण पेसाबाट निष्कासित भए। त्यसपछि उनीहरू  धेरै गाउँमा गएर चेतनाको प्रकाश छरे । मानिसहरूलाई अशिक्षा र अन्धविश्वासबारे धेरै कुरा सिकाए। 

एकदिन उसको मित भीमले भन्यो  कि अब उसले  उनीहरूसँग काम गर्न सक्दैन । उसलाई गाउँमा केही महत्त्वपूर्ण काम गर्न बाँकी रहेकाे बतायाे । उसको महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य भनेकाे  चन्द्रको पत्नीलाई आफ्नी पत्नी  बनाउने थियो।  भीमले मुनालाई आफ्नी पत्नी बनाउन धेरै  प्रयत्न  गर्यो तर उसले नमानेपछि भीमले मुनालाई गर्भवती बनायो । समाजको डरले गर्दा मुनाले भीमसँग विवाह गरी।  केही दिनपछि भीमले जानीजानी  एउटा राकेश  भन्ने प्रहरी अधिकृतको हत्या गर्यो।  तर उसले  आरोप चन्द्रमाथि लगायाे।  भीमले प्रहरीको मद्दतले चन्द्रको हत्या गर्यो।  उसको मृत्यु भएपछि उसका साथीहरूले उसको सपना पूरा गर्ने वचन लिए। हाम्रो देशका नागरिकमा  जति सुकै ठुलो ठुलो घर बनाएर परिवर्तन भए पनि मानिसको सोंचमा भने परिवर्तन हुन सकेको छैन। समाज परिवर्तन गर्न  हामीले पहिले आफ्नो सोच  परिवर्तन गर्नुपर्छ। 

म यो पुस्तक सिफारिस गर्न चाहन्छु। यो एउटा उपन्यासबाट पनि मैले धेरै कुरा बुझ्न सके।

Basil Lewis D'Oliveira was an international England cricketer from South Africa. D'Oliveira was born into a religious family in Signal Hill, Cape Town. He was a fine player, a brave hard-hitting bats person, and an accurate medium pace bowler. He was famously known as “Dollie”, which was his common nickname. He was nominated as one of 10 South African cricketers of the century, despite not having played for South Africa.

He was dropped from South Africa because he was defined as ‘colored’ under the racist rules of apartheid South Africa. He was prohibited from representing South Africa, the country of his birth. So, he went to  England to play. After some good performances in the domestic circuit, he was selected for the England cricket team, and then he started to give dazzling performances playing for England.

When the England team’s tour to South Africa in 1969 was announced, Basil D'Oliveira was not named, despite having scored 158 runs the previous match, in a single innings. The South African officials believed that the inclusion of Basil D'Oliveira in the team may lead to the cancellation of the tour and exclusion of South Africa from test cricket. England’s cricket authorities were put under pressure from the South African Cricket Board, who would be disappointed if Basil toured. South African prime minister of that time, B.J Vorster made it clear that D’Oliveira’s inclusion in the side to tour was not tolerable.

One injury to a staff member of the England cricket team resulted in  D'Oliveira being kept into the squad to tour South Africa. The South African government reacted strongly, demanding that  D'Oliveira had to be withdrawn. After all, this happened, the tour was canceled. In 1970, South Africa went into a cricketing ban for 21 years. It completely changed South African sport and society. His selection in the England team to tour South Africa and then resulted in a South African cricket ban was called The Basil D’Oliveira affair. 

The D'Oliveira Affair had a significant impact on the apartheid regime in South Africa. After all of these problems that South African Cricket suffered, being banned from playing for 21 years, South Africa was welcomed to International Cricket by India in 1991, they also got the recognition of being a Test nation after apartheid, and played their first One Day International Match (ODI) in Calcutta also after apartheid. Since then, South African Cricket has produced many cricketing giants and achieved many heights in International Cricket.
 

कम्प्युटर स्वचालित विद्युतीय यन्त्र हो । जसको अर्थ गणना गर्नु हुन्छ। निश्चित निर्देशनअनुसार कार्य सम्पादन गरी नतिजा प्रस्तुत गर्ने मानव निर्मित यन्त्रलाई कम्प्युटर भनिन्छ । जुन एउटा विधुतीय साधन हो । आज भन्दा करिब ६०/७० वर्ष पहिले हिसाब गर्ने यन्त्रलाई कम्प्युटर भन्न थालिएको थियो । सुरु सुरुमा कम्प्युटर भन्नाले एउटा साधारण हिसाब गर्ने विद्युतीय यन्त्र भन्ने बुझिन्थ्यो । तर आज कम्प्युटर जुनसुकै पनि कार्य गर्न सक्ने शक्तिशाली साधन बन्न पुगेको छ । विकासका लागि हरेक क्षेत्रमा कम्प्युटरको प्रयोग हुन थालेको छ । कुनै पनि क्रमाङ्कको कार्यलाई चाहे जति परिवर्तन गरेर कम्प्युटरलाई एक भन्दा धेरै समस्याहरू समाधान गर्न प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ।

विशेष गरी कम्प्युटर दुई वटा तत्वहरू मिलेर बनेको हुन्छ । ती हुन् कम्प्युटर हार्डवेयर र कम्प्युटर सफ्टवेयर । यी दुई बिच निकै घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध रहेको हुन्छ । हार्डवेयर विना सफ्टवेयरले केही काम गर्न सक्दैन र सफ्टवेयर विना पनि हार्डवेयरले केही कार्य सञ्चालन गर्न सक्दैन । यी दुवै हार्डवेयर र सफ्टवेयरको मिलन भएपछि मात्र कम्प्युटरले कार्य सञ्चालन गर्न सक्छ । त्यसैले यी दुई तत्वहरूलाई एकै सिक्काको दुई पाटोको रूपमा वर्णण गर्न सकिन्छ ।

 कम्प्युटरकाे प्रयाेग हाल दिनप्रतिदिन बढ्दै गइरहेकाे छ । कार्यालयीय कामदेखि  अस्पताल, विद्यालय, कलकारखाना, यातायात,व्यापार,व्यवसायलगायतका हरेक क्षेत्रमा यसकाे बढ्दै गइरहेकाे छ । नेपालमा पनि यसकाे प्रयाेग दिनानुदिन बढ्दाे छ। सूचना प्रविधिकाे विकाससँगै  कम्प्युटरकाे  प्रयाेग बढ्दै गएकाे देखिन्छ । हाल कम्प्युटर डेक्सटप,एलसिडि,ल्यापटप विभिन्न आकारमा प्राप्त सकिन्छ भने हाल कम्प्युटर मानिसकाे अभिन्न साथी बन्दै उसका हरेक कार्यलाई सहयाेग गर्दै आइरहेकाे छ ।

Diseases. What actually is the definition of diseases? A disorder of structure or function in a human. We have heard that some diseases are not curable. We have heard that sometimes people die because there is no treatment of the disease. Like every disease can’t be cured but we can prevent it. Talking about Progeria. It is a specific type of progeroid syndrome called Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome. What is progeroid syndrome? Progeroid syndromes are a group of diseases with premature aging. People born with progeria typically live to an age of mid-teens to early twenties. This disease was first described in 1886 by Jonathan Hutchinson. Later on it was also described in 1897 by Hastings Gilford. This condition was later named Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.

Children with progeria develop this disease just after a few months of their birth. Symptoms which are seen early is failure to thrive and causes scleroderma like skin condition. Scleroderma, a hardening and tightening of the skin on the trunk and extremities of the body.

This disease causes limited growth, hair loss and a distinctive appearance (a small face with a shallow recessed jaw and a pinched nose). Later, the condition causes wrinkled skin, kidney failure, loss of eyesight, and atherosclerosis and cardiovascular problems. The head is usually large, with a narrow, wrinkled face and a beak nose.

Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (HPGS) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age.Skin changes, abnormal growth, and loss of hair occur. These symptoms normally start appearing by one year of age.

There's no cure for progeria, but regular monitoring for heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease may help with managing your child's condition. During medical visits, your child's weight and height is measured and plotted on a chart of normal growth values.

References:
Mayo Clinic, Feb. 01, 2018, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progeria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356043