सँगसँगै पढ्थ्यौँ, हामी,राम्रो कुरा सिक्थ्यौँ।

कहिलेकाँही लड्थ्यौँ, हामी धेरै धेरै मिल्थ्यौँ।।

गुरुसँग हाँसी मजाक पनि हामी गर्थ्यौँ।

धेरै कुरा सिक्थ्याैँ, हामी मिलिजुली बस्थ्याैँ।।

खाना खाने बेला हामी क्यान्टिनतिर जान्थ्यौँ।

सबै साथी मिली हामी बाँडीचुँडी खान्थ्यौं।।

खेल्ने बेला खेल्थ्यौं हामी पढ्ने बेला पढ्थ्यौँ ।

टेबल टेनिस, बास्केटबल मिलिजुली खेल्थ्यौँ ।।

मन्दिर जस्तो विद्यालय, ईश्वर जस्ता गुरु।

आज मलाई याद आउँछ मेरा साथीहरू । । 

The term, “Cybercrime” is defined as the crime or illegal act done using computers. Cybercrime is a major problem in today’s world. The evolution of the internet brought out major advantages and benefits in the field of science and technology. It was once thought impossible that people could not connect with each other when they are miles apart. But the introduction of the internet broke that impossibility. It connected people throughout the globe.

With the evolution of the internet, cybercrime evolved. An illegal act that destroyed the beauty of privacy and cybersecurity. We all have our private lives from the government to public people. And it is everyone’s right that they maintain the secrecy of their private life and their information. Cybercrimes are done to seek out that information and leak those that are used for their own benefit. Cybercrime includes illegal acts such as hacking, unauthorized access to private information, illegal use of other’s information through publication, unauthorized hacking of social media. Cybercrime causes a lot of problems in today’s world.

We are all in the golden age where information is equivalent to wealth. This information is stored on the internet for future use. An anti-party uses this kind of information for their benefit and various other advantages. Cybercrimes are done to steal and use these various types of information. The conflict arises between individuals, companies, institutions due to cybercrime. The main reasons for cyber crimes may be anger, a feeling of vengeance, jealousy, greed, and a sense of pride. Many individuals who are involved in cybercrime have a feeling of anger and hatred towards their victims. Let me give a real-life example; a boy from India had a crush on a girl from his class. The other boy was also madly in love with her. So, firstly one of the boys came to know about the second guy's feelings. So, he decided to hack his Facebook account and sent trash messages to the girl. The girl was severely hurt and then committed suicide. Later some cyber law investigators came to know about this and the hacker was punished.

My opinion is that no one’s private life should be interfered with. Everyone has their right to their true, unique beautiful life. We should believe in peace and use the internet for our own personal growth and not for some rubbish activities that harm others’ lives. 

Hence, in a nutshell, illegal internet activities should be controlled by strict government rules and ethics. No one should be the victim of cybercrime because everyone has the right to live their own private life. Every morning and every night some take birth takes birth to sweet delight; some are born to endless night.
Although there might not be strict rules in our country, changes are slowly being brought. We can report cybercrime in Nepal by sending an email to [email protected] or call the Nepal Police Cyber Bureau at 9851286770 or 014219044.

सामाजिक सञ्जाल भनेको के हो त ? सामाजिक सञ्जाल भनेको एक कम्प्युटर प्रविधि   हो ; जसमा हामीले आफ्ना विचारहरू  राख्न सक्छौँ  र आफ्ना विचारहरू अरूसमक्ष पुराउन सक्छौँ । सामाजिक सञ्जाल मनोरञ्जनको साधन पनि हो । सामाजिक सञ्जालले मानिसको जीवनमा सकारात्मक र नकारात्मक दुवै खाले प्रभाव पार्दै आइरहेको छ । सामाजिक सञ्जाल यस्तो माध्यम हो जसले आफ्ना भावना र विचार सबैसँग बाँड्न सहयोग गर्छ। यसैको सहयोगले हामीले हाम्रा भावना तथा अनुभव सबैसँग बाँड्न सक्छौँ ।

 सामाजिक सञ्जालले मानिसहरूलाई मनोरञ्जन मात्र दिँदैन यसको सहयोगले हामीले  धेरै काम पनि गर्न सक्छौँ ।  जस्तै :- व्यापार , विज्ञापन आदि । सामाजिक सञ्जालका राम्रा पक्षसँगै नराम्रा  पक्षहरू पनि छन् । सामाजिक सञ्जालकै कारण धेरै मानिसहरू मानसिक रोगी भएका छन् । मानिसको स्वास्थ्य बिग्रेको छ । त्यति मात्र होइन ; कतिपय मानिसहरू यसको लतमा पर्नाले आफ्नो अमूल्य समयसमेत  बर्बाद गरिरहेका छन् । 

सामाजिक सञ्जालका  राम्रा  पक्षहरू -: 

सामाजिक सञ्जालबाट व्यापार, व्यवसाय गर्न सक्छौँ । आफूबाट टाढा रहेका घरपरिवार, आफन्त , इष्टमित्र ,साथीभाइ तथा अन्य शुभचिन्तकसँग कुराकानी गर्न सक्छौँ । खबर आदानप्रदान गर्न सक्छौँ । जसले  गर्दा टाढा टाढा रहेका सबैलाई नजिक ल्याउने काम गर्दछ । सामाजिक सञ्चालले धेरै मानिसहरूलाई काम पनि दिएको छ। कसैले यसैको उपयोगले आफ्नो दैनिकीसमेत चलाइरहेका छन् । 

सामाजिक सञ्जालका  नराम्रा पक्षहरू -: 

मानिसले  लामो समयसम्म सामाजिक सञ्जालको प्रयोग गर्दा स्वास्थ्यमा नकारात्मक असर पर्छ । कतिपय अवस्थामा आफ्ना महत्त्वपूर्ण काम थाती राखेर यसमै समय व्यतीत गर्दा समयको सही सदुपयोग हुँदैन । यो एक किसिमको नशालु पदार्थ जस्तै हो।  यसको लतमा परेपछि हत्तपत्त उम्किन सकिदैँन । यसकै कारण कतिपय युवायुवतीहरूले  बनावटी प्रेम सम्बन्धका कारण ज्यान पनि गुमाएका छन् । 

यसर्थ हरेक कुराका सकारात्मक र नकारात्मक पक्ष भए जस्तै सामाजिक सञ्जालका  पनि सकारात्मक र नकारात्मक पक्ष छन् । सामाजिक सञ्जालका उपयोगी कुराहरूलाई ग्रहण गर्दै समयअनुसार यसको उपयोग गर्न सक्नु नै आजको आवश्यकता र समयको माग पनि हो।

This question can have two different reasons with equal facts of their own. But after certain years beginning from 2017, there has been some hot debate within the media that mass violence and bad social activities happening around the world is supposedly by “playing games.”

With due respect, I don't want to offend anyone here. I respect everybody's reason for games and how it affects one’s mind. Basically, it began in 2012 when a Mass Kindergarten shooting by a man named Adam Lanza, who killed himself during the rampage in Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. The connection link joins when Adam had stolen his brother, Ryan Lanza’s ID Card where he was supposedly arrested. After interrogations and information, it was revealed that he was addicted to “Mass Effect” (Basically a game which had guns which were lasers and existed in outer space). This as we know, got real widespread real quick. Media had later admitted the error of blaming the game for this “shooting activity”, but the bad news flew faster than the speed of light and caused a massive genocide in many social media platforms (which is pretty funny if you read the comments). Similarly, in many cases such as in the UK around 2016 when rickets was wide-spreading, apparently people playing games don't get enough sunlight (which is stupid to think that we are brainless people and never get out of our rooms) that causes rickets. Well, that had a different genocide in the UK with politicians demanding the same fact many times. The peak was in the whole 1990s when politicians had so many debates on just video games. Even a pixel game is known as “Death Race” (Google it, it's just white pixels and shooting with no graphic images) with real “gruesome”. When Mortal Kombat came out, respected Democratic Senator of the US, Joe Lieberman said,” We’re talking about video games that glorify violence and teach children to enjoy inflicting the most gruesome form of cruelty imaginable”. Let's take for example the USA, the place which is very famous for school shootings and violence. As the game's sales have gone up, crimes have gone down dramatically. Other examples can be taken from Japan which is one big gaming consumer, there are 96% fewer homicides than in the US on average. Other examples can be taken from an analysis from The U.S Secret Service and The U.S department of education in 2004, that people who later are known for their violent nature, 12% people used to play games and narrows if we talk about violent games. Facts are backed up by professionals by “Patrick Markey” A Psychological and Brain Sciences having a Ph.D. degree has statements relating “video games not causing violence”. As recently from the U.S, in 2018 during the Parkland School shooting, President Trump scapegoated video games for the main cause. Political Research and Studies show video games are just an excuse to “blame” and distract away from other main problems such as Educational and Employment Disparity or not counseling on mental illnesses and stigmas which cause such problems. Proving the fact all flimsy researches are just a “waste of time”,

As bold as the statements it may be which I have presented above, blaming video games with no actual evidence is just a waste of time. This is highly unethical for blaming something and linking something so unbelievable is highly unreal. The topic for its research and the wrong information made this topic from a flimsy discussion to a political debate.

आजको विश्व भनेको सूचना र सञ्चारको हो। सञ्चार राज्यको चौथो अङ्ग हो । सञ्चारविना आजको मानिस कुवाको भ्यागुतो जस्तै हुन्छ । सञ्चारविनाको जीवन कल्पना पनि गर्न सकिँदैन। खेलकुदको कुनै पनि गतिविधिलाई प्रोत्साहित गर्न सञ्चारकाे महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ । सञ्चार माध्यमले राजनीतिदेखि लिएर विश्वका सम्पूर्ण घटना, परिघटना ज्ञान,विज्ञान र दर्शनलगायतका कुरालाई  समेट्दै आइरहेको छ । यसैले खेल जगतमा पनि सञ्चारको  भूमिका महत्त्वपूर्ण रहेको छ। खेलकुद जगत्लाई प्रचार प्रसार गर्न सञ्चार माध्यमको भूमिका महत्त्वपूर्ण हुन्छ । अझ भनौँ   खेलकुदका प्रशंसकहरूसामु कुनै सूचना विस्तार गर्न सञ्चारको ठुलो भूमिका हुन्छ । सञ्चार माध्यमले नै खेल जगत्लाई उचाइमा पुराउन सक्छ  । 

 विश्वका नेता, अभिनेता, कलाकार, वैज्ञानिक,डाक्टरलगायत जो जसका  जे जे कार्य  जनमानसमा आइरहेका छन् ; ती सबैमा सञ्चार माध्यमको अग्रणी  भूमिका छ । विश्व समुदायमा फर्केर हेर्ने हो भने विभिन्न खेलका क्लबहरूको प्रत्यक्ष प्रसारण धेरै सञ्चार माध्यमले गर्दै आइरहेका छन् । फुटबलको विश्वकप होस् वा क्रिकेटको होस् । लिग चरणका खेल नै किन नहुन् सबै खेलमा सञ्चार माध्यमले निकै सहयोगी भूमिका खेलेको पाइन्छ । सञ्चारले खेलजगत्को मुहार नै फेरेको छ भने खेलाडीहरूबिच विवाद पनि उत्पन्न गराएको छ।  यसको एक उदाहरण हो- फुटबलका दुई हस्तीहरू लियोनल मेसी र क्रिस्टियानो रोनाल्डोबिचको प्रतिस्पर्धा । आमजनमानसमा  सञ्चार माध्यमले केही भ्रम पनि छर्ने काम पनि गरेका छन् । मेसी र रोनाल्डोमध्ये  को चाहिँ लोकप्रिय र महान् खेलाडी हो भन्ने बारेमा सञ्चारमाध्यमहरूबिच फरक फरक समाचार बाहिर आउने गर्छन् । यो भनेको हामी जस्ता खेलप्रेमीहरूको लागि राम्रो कुरा होइन । हुनत सबै सञ्चार माध्यमले सत्य तथ्य समाचार बाहिर ल्याउँछन् भन्ने पनि छैन । यस्ता भ्रामक समाचारले खेलाडी र खेलको गरिमालाई बढाउने काम भने पक्कै पनि गर्दैन । यस्ता भ्रामक समाचारका कारण विश्वभर धेरै खेलप्रेमी र खेलाडीबिच  १० वर्षभन्दा बढी समयदेखि विवाद चल्दै आएको छ कि  विश्वको महान्  फुटबलर को हो ? महान्  फुटबलर जो भए पनि दुवै उत्कृष्ट खेलाडी हुन्। वास्तवमा दुवै  खेलाडी एक अर्काको सम्मान गर्दछन् ।  खेलाडी भनेका देशका गहना हुन्।  खेल भनेको देशको पहिचान हो । यसकारण सञ्चार माध्यमले खेल र खेलाडीलाई प्रोत्साहन गर्नुपर्छ। 

सञ्चार माध्यमले खेलकुद र त्यसका प्रसंशकहरूलाई नजिक राख्ने काम गर्छ । सञ्चार माध्यमकै कारण हामी आफूलाई मन पर्ने खेल हेर्न सक्छौँ । खेलाडी र क्लबलाई समर्थन गर्न सक्छौँ । खेल र खेलाडीसँग भावनात्मक सम्बन्ध गाँस्न सक्छौँ । खेल र खेलाडीसँग सम्बन्धित विभिन्न समाचार र सूचना थाहा पाउन सक्छौँ ।

Heredity is the trait that is passed on from one generation to another. Heredity occurs in all living organisms. and genetics is the biology of heredity. All organisms inherit the genetic traits of their biological parents. These traits could be physical appearance, behavior (phenotypes), and diseases as well. Phenotypes are the features that can be physically seen whereas genotypes are the genetic characteristics that we carry. Genetics and heredity are the reasons why we look like our parents. Heredity is seen clearly or mostly in sexual reproduction because in sexual reproduction the variation of inherited characteristics is high. Heredity is very important in a living organism as it shows the traits that are transferred from parents to offspring. The scientific study of heredity had discovered DNA, chromosomes, and genes. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms, the chromosome is a long DNA molecule which contains part of all the genetic material of living organisms and genes are the physical and functional unit of heredity.

There were various theories related to heredity which were developed in ancient Greece during the fourth century B.C. which stated that information from each part of the parent had to be communicated to create the corresponding body part in the offspring. A greek philosopher Aristotle who is often regarded as the father of biology had stated that individuals sometimes resemble remote ancestors more closely than their immediate parents along with it he had also stated that the male parent provided the miniature individual and the female provided a supportive environment in which it would grow. Aristotle had given many contributions in biology and this is also regarded as one of his most important contributions in biology. One of the most important things that were discovered about heredity was the idea that “members of a population who are better adapted to their environment will be the ones most likely to survive and transfer their traits on the next generation.” It was stated in  “The  Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” in 1859 by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Besides these, there were many more theories related to heredity and genetics.

References:
http://www.genomequebec-education-formations.com/education-concept-heredity-en
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/science-magazines/history-genetics
 

दसैँ नजिकिदै थियो । विभिन्न ठाउँमा पेसा, व्यवसाय तथा उच्च शिक्षाका लागि गाउँ छोडेर टाढा टाढा गएका मानिसहरू पनि  दसैँको रौनकसँगै आआफ्नो गाउँघर फर्कदै थिए । बजारमा निकै भिडभाड देखिन्थ्यो । दसैँको निहुँमा  सरसमान किन्नेको पनि घुइचो थियो । लुगाफाटा, मरमसाला, फलफुलदेखि  खसिबोका किन्न सबै जना पसल पसल धाउँदै थिए । कोरोनाको कहरमा यस्तो दृश्य रहर र बाध्यता खै के थियो ?  केही मानिस डराए जस्ता पनि देखिन्थे । डराइ डराइ पनि किनमेल गर्दै थिए ।

व्यस्त सहरमा अन्दाजी ३०-३५  वर्षकी जस्ती देखिने एक महिला कस्मेक्टिक पसलमा  सामान खरिद गर्दै थिइन् । बढो ठाँटबाटमा देखिएकी उनी कुनै नेता जस्तै देखिन्थिन् । अरू उनको छेउँछाउँमा भएका सबै उनकै  कुरा कान थापेर सुनिरहेका थिए । उनी भने सामान छान्दै सबै आफ्नो शरीरभरि  पोतिएको सुन देखाउँदै थिइन् । उनले पसलबाट धेरै सामान किनिन् । लिपस्टिक, पाउडर, गाजल, चुरा पोते, सिन्दुर जस्ता सामानले उनलाई भारी पुग्यो । वरपर भएका मानिसहरू पनि पसल नै किन्न आएजस्तो भन्ठान्थे। अरू मानिसहरू पनि रमाइलो मानेर हेरिरहेका थिए । यस्तैमा एक बुढी महिला पसलभित्र छिरिन् । पुरानो धोती चोलो लगाएर कुप्री पर्दै आएकी बुढी आमालाई देखेर अरू महिलाहरूले उनलाई हेय दृष्टिले हेरे । पसलमा भएका अरू महिलाहरू सामान  छिटोछिटो छानेर निस्कन खोज्दै थिए। यत्तिकैमा बुढी आमालाई कसैले हुत्याएर ती महिलाको ढाडमा ठेसिन पुग्नुभयो । महिलालाई असह्य भयो । उनले आमालाई नराम्रोसँग  गाली गरिन् । उनी पसलबाट  बाहिर निस्कनुभन्दा अगाडि उनले बुढी आमालाई कसले घरबाट बाहिर निस्कन दिएको होला ? कसैलाई कोरोना सारिन् भने भन्ने खालको टिप्पणी गरिन् । ती आमा निरास अनुहार लिएर बाहिर निस्किन् । कसैलाई केही पनि भनिनन् । 

एक दुई हप्तापछि ती महिलासँग आएका अरू महिलाहरू बजार आएका थिए । पुरानै कस्मेटिक पसलको अगाडि आएपछि उनीहरू कोही हाँसे जस्ता देखिन्थे भने कोही चाहिँ चिन्तित जस्ता देखिन्थे । उनीहरूले ती महिलाका कुरा गर्दै थिए। अस्ति त ती  विचारी बुढी आमालाई “कोरोना बोक्दै कहाँ हिँडेको” ? भनेर  गाली गर्दै थिई।  आज आफैँ  अस्पतालमा कोरोनाले थला परेर बसेकी छे। हिँड्न त हामी पनि उनीसँगै  कति हिँड्यौ। कतै हामीलाई पनि लाग्यो कि ? उनीहरूका कुरा  सुनिरहेका अरू मानिसहरू उनीहरूबाट टाढा टाढा जान थाले । 

Pride Month also is known as a month dedicated to the LGBTQ+ community falls in the month of June. Looking back, Pride month started from Greenwich Village when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay club in Greenwich Village, which resulted in bar patrons, staff, and neighborhood residents rioting onto Christopher Street outside. Among the many leaders of the riots were black, transsexual, bisexual women which were led by Marsha P. Johnson which continued over six days with protests and clashes.

Today, celebrations include pride parades, picnics, parties, workshops, symposia and concerts, and LGBTQ+ Pride Month events attract millions of participants around the world. Memorials are held during this month for those members of the community who have been lost to hate crimes for being people of the LGBTQ+ community or HIV/AIDS. The purpose of the commemorative month is to recognize the impact that LGBTQ+ individuals have had on history locally, nationally, and internationally. LGBT Stands for Lesbian (women attracted to women), Gay (men attracted to men), bisexual (a person attracted to both the sexes)  and transgender (a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex). The term sometimes is extended to LGBTQ+, or even LGBTQIA, to include queer, intersex, and asexual groups. Queer is an umbrella term for non-straight people; intersex refers to those whose sex is not clearly defined because of genetic, hormonal, or biological differences; and asexual describes those who don't experience any sort of sexual attraction. In 1978, artist and designer Gilbert Baker was commissioned by San Francisco city supervisor Harvey Milk - one of the first openly gay elected officials in the US - to make a flag for the city's upcoming Pride celebrations. Baker, a prominent gay rights activist, gave a nod to the stripes of the American flag but drew inspiration from the rainbow to reflect the many groups within the gay community. A subset of flags represents other sexualities on the spectrum, such as bisexual, pansexual, and asexual. Pride events welcome allies from outside the LGBTQ+ community. They are opportunities to show support, to observe, listen, and be educated. June 29 is said to be the day for the parade in Nepal. Many people are now comfortable with their gender no matter what it is, although it is difficult to be who you truly are. 

Many Nepalese are now not scared to come out as a member of the LGBTQ+ community which is a thing to be proud of but there are still many who are afraid of getting judged for not getting accepted by the society, they are bullied and are victims of hate speech/crime. Especially in an Arab or South Asain household, (where patriarchy is prevalent) not conforming to heteronormativity is considered extremely offensive and sometimes even a crime. They are sometimes even disowned by their family. There have been many cases in which people kill those who are LGBTQ+ which is a shameful thing, killing another human being just because they are different. LGBTQ+ communities should be normalized in every society and should be given equal rights. Words like “gay”, “chhaka”, “hijada” etc have been widely used by the Nepali/Indian community as insults which have to be put to a stop.

Change comes from us, let us change ourselves to change the world. Let’s stop using hate slurs and in time people will realize that it is wrong if not the younger generation will not dare use those words to insult someone.

विश्वभर शान्तिको सन्देश छर्ने गौतम बुद्ध जन्मेको ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेको दिन वैशाख शुक्ल पूर्णिमालाई  बुद्धजयन्तीको रूपमा मनाइन्छ। यसदिन नेपाललगायत विश्वका धर्मावलम्बीहरूले बुद्धप्रति श्रद्धा र भक्तिले बुद्धजयन्ती मनाउने गर्छन् । यो पर्व विश्वभरिकै बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बीहरूका लागि ठुलो चाड हो।  विक्रम सम्वत् सुरू हुनुन्भदा ५०५ वर्ष पहिलेआजभन्दा २६ सय वर्ष पहिले वैशाख पूर्णिमाको दिन पिता शुद्धोदन र माता मायादेवीका पुत्र सिद्धार्थ गौतमको जन्म कपिलवस्तुमा भएको थियो । ३५ वर्षको उमेरमा ज्ञान प्राप्त गरी सिद्धार्थ गौतमबाट बुद्ध भैसकेका थिए। २९ वर्षको उमेर संसारलाई नै मुक्ति दिने उद्देश्य लिई उनले राजदरबार त्याग गरेका थिए । राजदरबार त्याग गरेको दिन पनि वैशाख पूर्णिमाकै दिन थियो। उनलाई  ज्ञान प्राप्ति पनि पूर्णिमाकै दिन भयो ।  उनले आफ्नो बाँकी जीवन आफूले प्राप्त गरेको ज्ञान प्रचार गरे । उनले ८१ वर्षको उमेरमा भारतको कुशीनगरमा मोक्ष प्राप्त गरे ।  यो दिन पनि वैशाख पूर्णिमा कै दिन थियो।  

वैशाख पूर्णिमाका दिन बुद्धको जन्मस्थल  लुम्विनीमा ठुलो समारोह हुन्छ। बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बीहरूले बुद्धको प्रतिमालाई खटमा राखेर बाजागाजासहित रथयात्रा गर्दै लुम्विनी  वरिपरि गराउने चलन छ । काठमाडौँको स्वयम्भू तथा बौद्धमा निकै उत्साहका साथ बुद्ध जयन्ती मनाइन्छ । ललितपुरमा हिरण्यवर्ण महाविहारबाट विशेष रूपमा सिँगारपटार  गरिएको खटमा बुद्धको मूर्ति राखी नगर परिक्रमा  गर्ने परम्परा छ । यो दिनमा विश्वभरका बौद्धधर्मावलम्बीहरूले बडो उल्लासका साथ यो पर्व मनाउँछन् । बुद्धलाई भगवान् विष्णुको नवौँ अवतारको रूप भएको अनेक पुराणहरूमा वर्णन गरिएको छ ।  

वैशाख पूर्णिमामा बुद्धको जन्मस्थान लुम्विनी, ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेको बोधगया, धर्म प्रचार सुरू गरेको स्थान ऋषिपतन र कुसिनगरमा ठुलो मेला लाग्दछ।  हिन्दुहरूका चार धाम बद्रीनाथ, रामेश्वरम्, द्वारिका र जगन्नाथ जस्ता पवित्र तीर्थस्थल र अरू स्थानहरूमा वैशाख पूर्णिमाका दिन बुद्धजयन्ती  धुमधामका साथ मनाउँछन्। 

बुद्धजयन्ती  समारोह समिति र स्वयम्भू विकास मण्डललेसमेत बुद्धजयन्ती  समारोह उत्सवमा भाग लिई स्वम्भू ज्योति धर्मधातु चैत्य रहेको स्थानलाईसमेत सजाई लगातार तीन वर्षसम्म काठमाडौँ, ललितपुर र भक्तपुरलगायत अन्य स्थानमा रहेका देवताहरू, पौभा भित्तेचित्रहरूको प्रदर्शन परम्परा र विधिविधानपूर्वक पूजापाठ गरी बुद्धजयन्ती  समारोह मनाउने गरेका छन्,  भगवान्  बुद्धको जयन्ती  मनाउनुको अर्थ राष्ट्रिको गौरव  बढाउनु पनि हो।  

सन्दर्भ सामग्री :  

१. नेपालका चाडपर्वहरू, विकिपिडिया 

Chuseok (추석) is the Korean festival of Thanksgiving, a time for family which is celebrated every fall. Chuseok is originally known as Hangawi. It's a three-day holiday, one of the biggest and most important holidays in Korea, and a very important aspect of Korean culture. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th moon of the lunar calendar, the full moon. According to belief, Chuseok originates 2000 years ago during the reign of the third king of Silla,  an ancient Korean kingdom. A weaving contest is performed and relates to Chuseok. It is performed between the two teams and the winning team will be rewarded a feast.

Koreans people visit their hometowns and celebrate the festival sharing feast of their traditional foods such as Songpyeon (small rice cakes), Hangwa rice: Hangwa rice are decorated with natural colors and textured with patterns. Two traditions are related to Chuseok: Charye; Basically, Charye represents the act of honoring ancestors. During the Charye families gather and hold a memorial service for their ancestors through the harvesting, preparation, and presentation of special foods as offerings. The arrangement of the foods of Charye on the table are also significant traditionally rice and soup are placed on the north, and fruits and vegetables are placed on the south meat dishes are served on the west and in the middle, and rice cake and some drinks such as makgeolli or soju (beverage) are placed on the east. Seongmyo: It is a family visit to the ancestral graves around Chuseok week. Songpyeon is also significant because of the deep meaning contained in its shape. Songpyeon's rice skin is similar to the shape of a full moon. Baekseju is also one of the drinks to celebrate in Chuseok. It is made of up harvested rice 

A variety of folk games are played on Chuseok to mark the celebration of the coming of autumn and rich harvest. Village folk dress like a cow or turtle and go from house to another house along with a nongak band whilst playing music. Archery, ssireum, tug-of-war, juldarigi, etc are other common folk games played on Chuseok. 

Since Chuseok was a traditional holiday before Korea’s split, people in North Korea also celebrate it. However, North and South Korea celebrate differently. South Korea Chuseok is a holiday that has a big emphasis on family time. North Korea does not have any family gatherings during Chuseok, they only visit their ancestor’s gravesites during the holiday. Overall, people both in Korea celebrate with many of the same festivities, traditional games, and thanksgiving.

गितार फ्रेट्बोर्ड भएको आधुनिक साङ्गीतिक बाजा हो । गितारलाई यसमा भएको तारलाई पल्क गरेर बजाइन्छ ।  गितारलाई खुला हातले वा प्लेक्ट्रमको सहायताले बजाइन्छ ।  प्लेक्ट्रम भनेको गितारको तारलाई हल्लाउनका लागि प्रयोग गरिने साधन हो । गितार विश्वमै  लोकप्रिय बाजा हो ।  फ्रेट्बोर्डले गितारका तारलाई केही  हदसम्म माथि उचाल्ने काम गर्छ । यसैको सहयोगले गितारबाट निस्केको साङ्गीतिक नोटहरू ठिकसँग  निस्किएको आभास हुन्छ । 

गितारलाई अरू साङ्गीतिक बाजाबाट भिन्न बनाउने कारक भनेको गितारलाई विभिन्न प्रकारका सङ्गीतका विधामा बजाउन सकिन्छ सकिन्छ । गितारलाई रक सङ्गीतदेखि शास्त्रीय सङ्गीतसम्मका अनेकौँ  विधामा प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । गितारको धेरैजसो साङ्गीतिक विधामा प्रमुख भूमिका हुन्छ । गितारलाई हामीले आफ्नो चाहनानुसार ट्युन गरेर बजाउन सक्छौँ । यसले हामीलाई जुनसुकै विधामा बजाउने स्वन्त्रता दिन्छ ।   उदाहरणका लागि, ड्रम शास्त्रीयसङ्गीतमा बाजाउन मिल्दैन तर गितार भने शास्त्रीयसङ्गीतमा पनि बजाउन सकिन्छ ।  गितारलाई गायनको सुर, तालअनुसार  बजाउन मिल्ने अनि यसलाई सङ्गीतको धुन र एकल भाग पूरा गर्न पनि मिल्ने भनेको गितारको  सबल पक्ष हो ।  

गितार सर्वत्र लोकप्रिय छ; किनकि यो पोर्टेबल छ । गितारलाई सजिलैसँग जता मन लाग्यो, त्यतै आवश्यकताअनुसार सजिलै लैजान सकिन्छ । अरू साङ्गीतिक बाजालाई हेर्ने हो भने धेरैजसो बाजालाई एक ठाउँबाट अर्को ठाउँमा लैजान अफ्ठ्यारो हुन्छ । पियानो, ड्रमसेट, जस्ता साङ्गीतिक बाजाहरूलाई ओसारपसार गर्न गारो हुन्छ । तर गितारमा यी सबै कुरा लागु हुँदैन । गितारको अर्को विशेषता भनेको यसलाई बजाउन गारो छैन ।  गितार त्यस्तो  गीति उपकरण मध्ये एक हो; जुन सिक्न सजिलो हुन्छ तर दक्षता प्राप्त  गर्न धेरै गारो हुन्छ ।  अरू साङ्गीतिक बाजाहरूको तुलनामा गितार सिक्न सजिलो हुन्छ । गितार भ्वाइलिन जस्तो साङ्गीतिक बाजा होइन । जसलाई सही तरिकाले बजाउन नै गारो हुन्छ । गितारमा फ्रेट्बोर्ड भएको हुनाले यसमा आफूले चाहेको जस्तो ध्वनि निकाल्न गारो हुँदैन ।  

गितारको विकाश १६ औँ शताब्दीमा भएको पाइन्छ ।  गितार नेपालमा सङ्गीतज्ञ रामशरण दर्नालको पालामा भित्रिए पनि पश्चिमी देशको  यो  पुरानो बाजा हो।  गितारको निर्माण भने स्पेनमा भएको मानिन्छ ।  त्यति बेलाको गितारको  संरचना हालको भन्दा धेरै भिन्न थियो ।  भनिन्छ; त्यतिबेलाको गितार र भ्वाइलिनमा धेरै भिन्नता थिएन । अहिलेको गितार पहिलेभन्दा धेरै फरक थियो ।  अहिले गिता को सामान्य ट्युनिंग E-A-D-G-B-E हो ।  पहिलाको गितारको सामान्य ट्युनिंग नै C–F–A–D को थियो ।  पहिलाको गितारमा चार वटा मात्र तार हुन्थे ।  समय बित्दै जाँदा गितारमा  पनि परिवर्तन हुँदै गयो ।  गितार बदलिनुको प्रमुख कारण भनेको सङ्गीतमा आएको विविधता पनि हो । सङ्गीतसँगै साङ्गीतिक बाजा बदलिनु भनेको नौलो कुरा पनि होइन ।  

गितारको आफ्नै एक विशिष्ट धुन हुन्छ । गितारको प्रयोग धेरै विधामा हुने भएकाले आफूलाई मनपर्ने विधाको सङ्गीत यसबाट  सिक्न सकिन्छ ।  गितार बजाउन त सजिलो  छ तर यसमा दक्ष हुन त्यति सजिलो भने छैन । गितार विश्वभर नै बजाइने साङ्गीतिक बाजा हो ।  सङ्गीतका धेरैजसो विधामा गितारले नै सङ्गीतको धुन र सुर सम्हालेको हुन्छ । यसैले  गितार  साङ्गीतिक क्षेत्रको लोकप्रिय बाजा हो ।  

सन्दर्भ सामग्री :

 १.त्रिपाठी, सुधा र अन्य (सम्पा.) जीवनी सङ्गीतज्ञ रामशरण दर्नाल 

२. दर्नाल, रामशरण :सङ्गीतको विस्तृत अवलोकन 

Role models are referred to as those people who have done some excellent work in their field and are looked out as an example by others to follow their path. A role model inspires people to be like them and do some good work. A role model can be anyone that is inspiring, it may be some celebrity to a social worker, your mom, and dad, or anyone else.

My role model or the person I admire the most is a famous Nepalese social activist; Anuradha Koirala. She is the founder of Maiti Nepal (a non- profit organization in Nepal that helps the victimized women of sex trafficking) and also the winner of the CNN hero of the year 2010 award. She is not only my role because she was a CNN hero but also because she is a human being with a kind and pure heart. Anuradha Koirala was also appointed as the first governor of Bagmati Province for almost a year by the government of Nepal. She has also received many prestigious awards like the Best Social Worker award (Nepal) in 1998, Prabal Gorkha Dakshin Bahu Medal (Nepal) in 1999, Trishakti Patta Award in 2002, the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey Foundation in 2006, German UNIFEM Prize in 2007 and Queen Sofia Silver Medal Award in 2007 and many more. She is my role model as she has dedicated her life to save the girls of her nation and has served her nation in a great way and made her and her nation’s name famous worldwide with her great work. Looking at her boosts my confidence and makes me want to treat people with love and have feelings of respect for all. She has the same charming and unique personality and shows everything inside out of how a person can be like her. I would certainly want to become like her one day.

Apart from Anuradha Koirala, I have many other role models who are from various other fields, professions, and nations like Bhanubhakta Acharya(Famous Writer), Bill Gates (Founder of Microsoft and a billionaire), One direction (A famous boy band) most importantly my parents.