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जलवायु परिवर्तन
- Sana Shrestha - 25056, Grade ... 05 March, 2024

जलवायु परिवर्तनले औसत जलवायुमा देखिने अल्पकालीन फेरबदल भन्ने जनाउँछ।  यसलाई विश्वव्यापी रुपमा माैसमकाे लामाे अन्तरालमा आउने परिवर्तन भनेर पनि बुझ्न सकिन्छ । जलवायु प्राकृतिक रुपमा परिवर्तनशील नै छ तर जलवायु परिवर्तन चाहि ग्लाेबल वार्मिङ्गकाे कारणले हुने गर्छ । यसको मुख्य कारण मानवीय गतिविधि नै हाे जसले वायुमण्डलको संरचनामा ठुलाे परिवर्तन ल्याएको छ ।  यसले मानवहरूको स्वास्थ्य र सामाजिक पक्षमा प्रभाव गर्छ ।

जलवायु परिवर्तन पृथ्वीको प्राकृतिक प्रक्रियाभित्र पर्ने एउटा गतिविधि हो । पृथ्वीमा सौर्य विकिरणबाट तापशक्ति प्राप्त हुन्छ र त्यही विकिरणका कारण पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डलको तापक्रम सन्तुलन रहन्छ। पृथ्वीले सूर्यबाट जति सौर्य विकिरण प्राप्त गर्छ त्यति नै विकिरण अन्तरीक्षमा फिर्ता पठाउँछ, जसले गर्दा पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डलको तापक्रम स्थिर रहन्छ तर कुनै कारणले गर्दा विकिरणको लेनदेनमा घटबढ भएर पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डलको तापक्रम घटबढ भयाे भने जलवायुमा परिवर्तन आउन सुरु हुन्छ । विषालु ग्यास दिन प्रतिदिन वायुमण्डलमा बढ्दै गइरहेको छ र विकिरणहरू वायुमण्डलमै रोकिनाले पृथ्वीको तापक्रम बढ्दै जान्छ । पृथ्वीमा भएको जनसङ्ख्या बृद्धिले ल्याएका नकारात्मक असरका कारण पृथ्वीमा जलवायु परिवर्तन भएको तथ्य वैज्ञानिकहरूले भनेका छन् । जलवायुमा आएको यस्तो अस्वाभाविक परिवर्तनका कारण सामाजिक, आर्थिक र विकासका संरचनामा नकारात्मक असर पुगेको छ ।  

जलवायु परिवर्तनले नेपालको जटिल भूभागलाई पनि प्रभावित गरेकाे छ । उदाहरणका लागि जलवायु परिवर्तनले गर्मी र जाडाेको प्रभाव बढ्छ, जसले गर्दा खेती र बाढीको सङ्केत पनि निर्माण हुने गर्छ । अनि यसले गर्दा खाद्य सुरक्षा र समुदायको जीवनशैलीमा पनि परिवर्तन आउँछ । त्यसैगरी जलवायु परिवर्तनले नेपालको पर्यटन उद्योग र वन्यजन्तुहरूको जीवनस्तरलाई पनि प्रभावित गर्छ । यस्ताे परिवर्तनले जलवायुबाट उत्पन्न हुने प्राकृतिक प्रकाेप पनि बढाउने गर्छ । यसले जटिल तथा खतरनाक मौसमका घटनाहरू, जैविक विविधताकाे नाश, स्वास्थ्यमा जोखिम अवस्था बढ्ने जस्ता डरलाग्दा घटनाहरू निम्त्याउछ। विश्वमा जलवायु परिवर्तनले हिमाली भेग, मानव जीवन, सामाजिक र आर्थिक विकास, जैविक विविधता, पर्यटकीय विकास आदि विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूमा नकारात्मक असर पुर्‍याउन थालेको छ । उच्च तथा चिसो स्थानको तापक्रम बढ्नाले रोग फैलिने क्रम बढ्दै गएको छ । त्यसैगरी धेरै रोगको फैलावट अनि कृषि उत्पादन प्रक्रियामा परिवर्तन जसले गर्दा उत्पादनमा नास आदि कारणले भोकमारी हुने भएकाेले बसाई सराईकाे अनुमान मानिसहरूले गरिसकेका छन्। त्यति मात्र नभई वर्षाको र तापक्रममा आएको परिवर्तनले देशका विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा बाढी, पहिरोजस्ता ठूला घटनाहरू बढ्दै गएका छन् । पहाडी भागमा बाढी पहिरो जानका साथसाथै पानी सुक्दै जान थालेका छन् भने तराई भागमा पानीको मात्रा पनि घट्दै गएको छ । यसैगरी तापक्रमको वृद्धिसँगै झिँगा तथा लामखुट्टेको पनि वृद्धि भएर विभिन्न राेग जस्तै मलेरिया, जन्डिस, डेङ्गु जस्ता रोग बढ्नाका साथै कृषि तथा पशुपालन क्षेत्रमा पनि नयाँ रोगको आगमनले नकारात्मक असर पारेको छ । जलवायु परिवर्तनले समाज, अर्थव्यवस्था र पारिस्थितिक प्रणालीलाई असर गर्न सक्छ ।

यदि यसरी नै जलवायुमा परिवर्तन भइरह्याे भने हिमाल र नदीनालाहरू सङ्कटमा पर्ने सक्छ। त्यसो भयो भने हामीले निकै ठूलो सङ्कटको सामना गर्नुपर्ने छ । हाम्रो मुलुकमा रहेका हिमशृङ्खला पग्लिने क्रमसँगै पर्वतारोहणका कारण ती शृङ्खलामा फोहोरमैला र प्रदूषण बढेको छ जसलाई हामीले व्यवस्थित गर्नुपर्छ । हरितगृह ग्यास उत्सर्जनमा कमी ल्याउन स्थानीय, राष्ट्रिय र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा प्रयासको खाँचो देखिएको छ । हामीले फोहोरको मात्रा घटाउनका लागि स्रोतकाे उचित उपयोगलाई बढावा दिन महत्त्वपूर्ण छ । धेरै मात्रा वा एकचाेटि मात्रै प्रयोगमा आउने सामग्रीहरू किन्नु हुँदैन। हवाई उडान कम गर्नुपर्छ, पेट्रोल तथा डिजेलको गाडीभन्दा बिजुलीबाट चल्ने गाडीको प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ । इन्धन प्रयोग हुने गाडीहरूमाथिको उच्च निर्भरता घटाउनुपर्छ । यस्ताे नगरेमा जलवायु परिवर्तनले सम्पूर्ण मानव समुदायलाई प्रभावित गर्छ । 

वास्तवमा जलवायु परिवर्तन विश्वकै साझा समस्या हाे । यसका लागि विश्व नै एकजुट भएर लाग्नु आजकाे आवश्यकता हाे । 


 


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Infrared Radiation in Space
- Gaurab KC - 25006, Grade XI o ... 04 March, 2024

Introduction

Space, an ever so expanding abyss that is full yet so empty. In our galaxy, there are innumerable stars, each with their own planets and other bodies orbiting it. However, planets are not only limited to orbiting stars. There are many planets that do not have a star to orbit, and they are known as dwarf planets. These planets wander aimlessly in the darkness of space, which makes them difficult to detect. Planets are not the only heavenly bodies to wander in free space, it is speculated that there are countless nebulas, vast bodies of water, and  groups of asteroids that exist in free space. These heavenly bodies are not easily detected. Even our most sensitive instruments have a hard time detecting these bodies. Therefore, we have adopted an important tool that allows us to detect these bodies, and it is known as infrared radiation.


 

What is Infrared Radiation?

Radiation is a form of energy that is invisible to the human eye. It is emitted by radioactive elements as well. We use radiation for a variety of reasons. They can be used to perform an x-ray scan, which allows them to detect injuries in the body. Other uses are creation of mutant DNA that can be used in the lab for the production of a crop that has a desired genetic trait. Needless to say, radiation has helped us overcome many challenges in the history of our species.

Infrared radiation is widely used in today's world. Some devices that use infrared radiation are TV remotes and mobile phones. Our lives are significantly more convenient without us realizing it, and this is all thanks to infrared radiation. The remote that we use to change the channels in our TV emits infrared radiation. 

So, what emits infrared radiation? Well, many man-made things obviously do but emission of infrared rays are not limited to those things. Living beings also emit infrared rays. On a cold day, we snuggle up in our blankets. Initially we feel only slightly warm, but as time passes and as long as no air is coming from the outside, our body warms up in the blanket. This is due to the infrared radiation emitted by human beings. Thus, even biological beings can emit some infrared radiation.


 

Infrared Astronomy

We’ve discussed how many objects in space can go undetected. So, we need a way to detect these objects wandering about in the abyss. For this, we use the infrared radiation emitted by them to detect their presence. Therefore, the science behind detection of astronomical objects can be labeled as infrared astronomy.   

When fire is burning, the infrared radiation emitted is so strong that the heat produced allows us to see. So in the context of astronomy, the more infrared radiation an object emits, the easier it is for us to detect its presence. We know that all objects emit infrared rays, which extend from the red end to the microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum, and can be used by scientific instruments from far away to detect their presence. It makes it easier for us due to the fact that the wavelengths of infrared radiation is significantly greater than that of normal light. Thus, it allows for the infrared radiation to pass through dense clouds of glass or any other disturbing medium with less scattering.


 

Discoveries Made by Infrared Radiation

When the Hubble Space Telescope had begun taking pictures of far away galaxies and nebulas, it helped boost scientific innovation and brought about many new discoveries. But even such a powerful telescope couldn’t detect most of the heavenly bodies and stars hiding behind those dense nebulas. For example, when the Hubble Telescope took a picture of the Carina Nebula, the picture, while absolutely stunning, did not reveal the true amount of stars due to the dense dust and gases hiding the stellar masses. When the image was again processed with the help of infrared imaging, countless baby stars whose light got blocked were discovered. So, infrared radiation can be an essential tool in detection of astronomical bodies. This provides us with an excellent way to detect those lonely stars, planets and or other heavenly bodies that haven’t been seen by us yet.


 

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have discovered that infrared radiation is emitted by both living or non-living beings. From animals and plants to rocks and our furniture. These emissions can then be detected by us to reveal their position and distance from us. Needless to say, science has proved it to be a useful tool in the detection of far away masses in the abyss of space. Hopefully this technology will continue to progress. Hopefully we can accurately detect these masses even among the densest clouds of gas or other scattering mediums some day in the future.


 


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नेपालमा जलस्रोतको सम्भावना
- Shreya Joshi - 25049, Grade X ... 01 March, 2024

विशाल हिमालयले घेरिएको नेपाल प्राकृतिक स्रोत, विशेषगरी पानीमा धनी छ । नेपाल नदीहरू, तालहरू र ग्लेसियरहरूले भरिएको छ र यी स्रोतहरूले प्रशस्त पानीको प्रदर्शन गर्दछ। अग्ला पहाडहरूबाट पग्लने हिउँले इन्धनको पानीको यो जटिल प्रणाली, तलको उपत्यका र मैदानहरूलाई पोषण गर्ने निरन्तर तल बग्छ। नेपालमा जलस्रोतको धेरै सम्भावना छ जसले विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूमा देशको विकासका लागि धेरै अवसरहरू प्रदान गर्दछ । जलविद्युत उत्पादनदेखि लिएर कृषिका लागि बालीमा पानी लगाउनेसम्म, वन्यजन्तुलाई सहयोग गर्नेदेखि बढ्दो सहरका आवश्यकताहरू पूरा गर्न जलस्रोत नेपालको सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकासका लागि महत्त्वपूर्ण छ ।

नेपालमा जलविद्युतले अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो बनाउन, ऊर्जा सुरक्षित राख्न र समुदायको विकासमा मद्दत गर्दछ । जलविद्युतले घर, कलकारखाना र खेतीपातीका लागि सस्तो विद्युत दिन सक्छ। नेपालमा जलविद्युतको प्रयोगले अन्य देशको बिजुलीमा कम निर्भर हुन मदत गर्न सक्छ, जुन कहिलेकाहीँ प्राप्त गर्न गाह्रो हुन सक्छ। यसले जलवायु परिवर्तनका कारण हुने समस्याहरू समाधान गर्न सक्छ । नेपालले भारत र बङ्गलादेश जस्ता नजिकका देशहरूमा अतिरिक्त बिजुली बेच्न सक्छन् । यसले नेपालको लागि पैसा ल्याउन र क्षेत्रमा मित्रतालाई बलियो बनाउन सक्छ । 

नेपालमा लगभग ६००० नदीहरू छन् । प्रति वर्ष यी नदीहरूबाट लगभग २२० अर्बको पानी बगिरहन्छ । नेपालमा जलविद्युतको धेरै क्षमता छ, जसलाई ८३००० मेगावाटको रुपमा अनुमान गरिएको छ र जसमा ४२००० मेगावाट प्रयोग भइरहेको छ । यसले विश्व जलस्रोतको क्षमताको २.२७% लाई प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दछ । नेपालले आफ्ना १० ठुला नदी र तिनका साना भागबाट ७२ हजार मेगावाटभन्दा बढी जलविद्युत उत्पादन गर्न सक्ने देखिएको छ । एउटा अध्ययनले प्रत्येक नदी बेसिनमा जलविद्युत आयोजनाहरूको लागि उत्कृष्ठ स्थान र आकारहरू पनि फेला पारेको छ। 

नेपालले थप जलविद्युत उत्पादनमा राम्रो गरिरहेको छ । सन् २००५ मा ५५६.८ मेगावाट पुगेको छ । सरकारले निजी कम्पनी र विदेशी लगानीकर्तालाई थप जलविद्युत आयोजना निर्माणमा लग्न प्रोत्साहन गर्ने नियम पनि बनाएको छ । सन् २०२२ मा नेपालको कुल विद्युत उत्पादन क्षमता २१९१ मेगावाट थियो । आर्थिक वर्ष २०२० - २१ मा लगभग ८.९ ट्रिलियन घण्टा बिजुली उपलब्ध थियो, जसमा करिब ३६.५ % ऊर्जा उत्पादखारूबाट आएको थियो र ३२% भारतबाट आयात भएको थियो । करिब ४४ % बिजुली घरबाट, ३७% उद्योग, ७% व्यापार र बाँकी खेतीपाती र अन्य काममा प्रयोग हुने गरेको थियो । विद्युत घत लज्भाग १६% थियो र ०.७ % मात्र भारतलाई बेचेको हुन्थ्यो । जुन २०२२ देखि भारतमा नेपालको बिजुली निर्यातमा उल्लेख बृद्वि भएको छ, र यसले नेपालको जलविद्युत उत्पादनमा महत्वपूर्ण योगदान पुर्याउन सकेको छैन । मार्च २०२१ को मध्यसम्म ९३% जनसङ्ख्याले बिजुली प्राप्त गर्न पाएका थिए र वैशाख २०२२ को सुरुवतमा प्रति व्यक्तिले ३२५ किलोवाट प्राप्त गरेको थियो। 


 

प्रचुर सम्भावना हुँदाहुँदै पनि नेपालमा जलविद्युत निर्माणका चुनौती पनि छन् । राजनीतिक समस्या, कमजोर सङ्गठन, पर्याप्त पैसा नपुगेको, प्राविधिक समस्या र समाज र प्रकृतिमा पर्ने असर जस्ता कुराहरूलाई सावधानीपूर्वक व्यवस्थापन गर्न आवश्यक छ । यसको लागि राम्रो योजनाहरू, सँगै काम गर्ने, नियमहरू र पानी र ऊर्जा आपूर्तिहरू राम्रोसँग हेरचाह गर्न आवश्यक छ।


 

संक्षेपमा भन्नुपर्दा, नेपालको राम्रो भूगोल र प्रशस्त पानीका कारण जलविद्युत विकासको ठूलो सम्भावना छ । देशले आफ्ना नदीहरूबाट ७२००० मेगावाटभन्दा बढी जलविद्युत प्रयोग गर्न सक्छ, जसले आर्थिक वृद्धि, ऊर्जा सुरक्षा र वातावरणलाई मद्दत गर्न सक्छ। राजनीति, पैसाको समस्या, प्राविधिक समस्या र यसले समाज र प्रकृतिलाई कसरी असर गर्छ जस्ता चुनौतीहरू छन् । सफल हुन नेपाललाई यी चुनौतिहरू व्यवस्थापन गर्न राम्रो योजना, मिलेर काम गर्ने र नियमहरू चाहिन्छ । यसो गर्दा नेपालले आफ्नो जलविद्युतको प्रयोग आफ्नै ऊर्जा आवश्यकताहरू पूरा गर्न र छिमेकीहरूलाई पनि मद्दत गर्न सक्छ ।

स्राेत अनलाइन


 


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उद्यमशीलता: आर्थिक समृद्धिको आधार
- Sampada Poudel - 25018, Grade ... 28 February, 2024

कुनै पनि वस्तु, सुविधा, कला आदि जस्ता मूल्यवान् कुराहरूलाई प्रविधि र नौला योजनाहरूलाई व्यवसायीकरण गर्नु उद्यमशीलता हो । उद्यमशीलता केवल व्यवसायीकरणसम्म मात्र सीमित छैन ।  यो त एक सृजनात्मक प्रक्रिया हो, जसले सम्भावना र अवसरहरूलाई पहिचान गर्दै त्यसलाई सबल सुविधा वा मूल्यवान् वस्तुमा रूपान्तरण गरेर ग्राहक र सर्वसाधारणको आवश्यकता पूरा गर्दछ ।  यसका अतिरिक्त यो एक कुशल प्रक्रिया पनि हो, जसमा विभिन्न सीपहरू आवश्यक पर्दछ ।  सञ्चार, व्यवस्थापन, उत्तम नेतृत्व, आलोचनात्मक, विश्लेषणात्मक र रचनात्मक सोच, जिज्ञासा, निर्णायकता र प्रविधि  क्षमता आदि एक सफल र गुणवान् उद्यमीका गुणहरू  हुन् ।  उद्यमशीलता क्षमता हो, जसले कुनै पनि उद्योग र व्यवसायको रूपरेखालाई लाभ वा घाटामा परिणत गर्दछ ।  यसरी नै यस्ताे विशेष क्षमताले समाज र राष्ट्रको पनि विकासको गतिमा  फरक ल्याउन सक्छ । 

विकास भनेको एक सकारात्मक परिवर्तन हो ।  यसले भौतिक, आर्थिक, वातावरणीय, र सामाजिक विषयमा प्रगति ल्याउँछ ।  विकासका भिन्न  पक्षहरू पनि  समाज, राजनीतिक वातावरण नै हुन् ।  जसमध्ये महत्त्वपूर्ण ठहरिएको एक पक्ष आर्थिक पक्ष पनि हो ।  हरेक देशको आर्थिक पक्षको वृद्धिका  लागि उद्यमशीलता प्रभावकारी मध्यम हो  । 

उद्यमशील गतिविधिहरूले नयाँ व्यवसायहरूको स्थापना गर्दछ।  फलस्वरूप भिन्न रोजगारका अवसरहरू सिर्जना हुने गर्दछ।  कुनै पनि उद्योगको सुरुवात हुँदा विभिन्न स्तरमा आफ्ना क्षमताले योगदान दिने कर्मचारीहरूको आवश्यकता हुन्छ ।  यही आवश्यकता पूर्तिका कर्ममा समग्र रोजगार स्तरहरूमा  योगदान पुग्छ र रोजगारीको दर घट्छ । यसरी नै सफल उद्यमशीलताले उद्योग र व्यवसायको आम्दानी र धनको वृद्धि गर्छ । व्यवसायहरू बढ्दै जाँदा र नाफामा पुग्दा त्यो फाइदा त्यस  व्यवसायको सम्पूर्ण जनशक्तिसम्म पुग्छ ।  जसले गर्दा त्यस व्यवसायमा संलग्न हुनेलाई आर्थिक लाभ हुँदै देशको अर्थतन्त्र पनि बलियो बन्छ । जसका  कारण राष्ट्रको चौतर्फी विकासलाई पनि सहयोग र प्रोत्साहन पुग्छ ।  उद्यमी र उनीहरूको व्यवसाय अधिक लाभदायक भएपछि उनीहरू आफ्नो आम्दानीमा कर तिर्छन्,  जसले सरकारको कर राजस्व बढाउन योगदान पुग्छ । परिणामस्वरूप सार्वजनिक सेवाहरू, पूर्वाधार विकास र अन्य विकासका गतिविधिहरू सञ्चालनमा सहयोग पुग्छ र देश विकासका मार्गमा लम्किन्छ।  

सानादेखि ठुला-ठुला स्तरमा सकारात्मक प्रभाव ल्याउनु उद्यमशीलताको विशेषता हो ।  उदाहरणको लागि नेपाल एक बहुजातीय, बहुधार्मिक र भिन्न समुदयाहरुको साझा घर हो ।  यहाँ बसोबास गर्ने हरेक समुदायको आफ्नै मौलिक सिप, चलन, कला र क्षमता छ ।  यदि यसरी  नखुलेका मौलिकतालाई पहिचान र सही प्रदर्शन  मात्र गर्ने हो भने स-साना स्तरका व्यवसायले पनि फस्टाउने मौका पाउँछन् । यसरी नै साना-साना गल्लीहरू पनि सम्पन्न हुँदै जान्छन् जसले अन्त्यमा पुरै देशलाई सम्पन्न बनाउँछ ।

यति मात्र  नभई उद्यमशीलताले कुनै पनि देशको अरू देशप्रतिको निर्भरतालाई पनि कम गरी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय व्यापारमा सन्तुलन ल्याउँछ । कतिपय  देशहरूमा, अव्यवस्थित वा असन्तुलित वैदेशिक व्यापारको ठुलो समस्या छ। आयात निर्यात वा उल्टो निर्यात आयात भन्दा धेरै छ तर आफ्नै नागरिकका लागि पनि सामान उत्पादन गर्न नसक्ने अवस्थामा समस्या एक मात्र देखिन्छ ।  देशमा उद्यमशीलता विकासको अभाव  देशले आफ्नो क्षमता पहिचान गरी जनताको आवश्यकतालाई सम्बोधन गर्ने उत्पादन र सेवाहरू सिर्जना गर्न सकेमा विदेशबाट आउने समान, वस्तु तथा सेवाको आयात ह्वात्तै घट्छ । यसले देशलाई आत्मनिर्भर बनाउँछ।  यति मात्र हैन यदि उत्पादित सेवा र सुविधाको दिगो विकास हुने हो भने देशले आफ्ना सेवाहरू अन्य देशहरूमा निर्यात गर्ने अवसर पनि सिर्जना गर्न सक्छ । यसले राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्रमा योगदान पुर्‍याउँछ र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा सम्मान कमाउन पनि सहयोग गर्छ । यो तब मात्र सम्भव छ, देशले उद्यमशीलता सिपको राम्रो याेजना, कार्यान्वयनमा सही काम गर्छ । 

अन्त्यमा नौला विचारहरूले उत्कृष्ट व्यवसायहरूलाई जन्माउने हो त्यसैले कुनै पनि जोसिलो विचार र सम्भावनालाई प्रोत्साहन गर्ने देशको जिम्मेवारी हो । उद्यमशीलता विकासका लागि पहिलो कदम त्यसको बारेमा जानकारी उपलब्ध हुनुपर्छ।  विद्यालयहरूमा विद्यार्थीहरूलाई उद्यमशीलताको बारेमा राम्रो शिक्षा दिएमा पछि देशभरि नै ठुला व्यवसायहरू स्थापित हुन्छन्, जसले नागरिकहरूलाई रोजगार दिन्छ र देशको उन्नति र प्रगति हुन्छ । सरकारले व्यवसाय दर्ता, इजाजत पत्र, जस्ता कानुनी प्रक्रियालाई सरल बनाएमा पनि उद्यमशीलतालाई प्रोत्साहन गर्न सकिन्छ ।  समग्रमा, समाज र सरकारको संयुक्त प्रयासले उद्यमशीलतालाई  जुनसुकै देशमा सजिलैसँग विकास गर्न सकिन्छ।


 


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Wood Carving in Newari Community
- Sana Shrestha - 25056, Grade ... 27 February, 2024

Wood carving is an ancient form of art where artisans shape various types of woods into highly detailed designs and sculptures. It is a timeless art which grew in the golden era before the Malla and Licchavi period. It is called Newari wood carving because it originated from the Newari community in the Kathmandu Valley.  It is a magnificent art where people use various tools such as knives, blades and other carving tools to make designs on wood. It is also considered as an artwork or a mastery of sculpture. 


 

The role of Newari Community in Wood Carving

Newari people have contributed a lot in prominence to the wood carving in Nepal. To create traditional Newari wood carvings, different types of woods are needed including sal, cedar and teak. These woods were specifically chosen because of their durability and resistance to insects. Dhunsi was also used as a raw material for wood carving during old age. Executing this art form requires exceptional precision and expertise because of their techniques such as carving, piercing, and fretwork to bring their designs to life. It requires exceptional skill, a lot of patience and  attention to even the smallest details. Some of these designs are inspired by the symbolism of Hindu and Buddhist traditions while others from nature, aspects of daily life and so on. These unique designs have helped in contributing to the uniqueness of Nepalese heritage. These wood carvings include various structural elements such as temples, doors, pillars, windows and so on. These carvings help in beautifying those various structures. Many of these carved pieces contain symbols and hidden meanings which reflect the cultural and religious heritage of the Newari community. Mythical creatures and many holistic stories which are made on wood carvings are an example of it. These art forms which portray many stories in a very beautiful manner have impressed many people. In the Newar community, there is a specific caste who works in these wood carvings. Through their wood carving creations, artisans not just show their artistic creativity and skill but also express their cultural identity and traditions of their community.

The Newar community has played a very important role in preserving and carrying on the tradition of wood carving from one generation to another. It is an integral part of newari cultural heritage which contributes to the artistic landscape of the Kathmandu valley. It not only shows craftsmanship but also reflects their cultural heritage, religious beliefs and their traditions. Newari wood carving has contributed a lot to Nepal's tourism industry. These architectures have attracted many tourists all over the world. Visitors are fascinated by the artisans' different ways of showing the cultural heritages and traditions in Nepal. This has helped in economic growth of the country. This newari tradition now has been followed and cherished by many people. People in this generation need more than ten years to completely learn and perfect their carving skills. 


 

Preservation Initiatives for Nepal's Wood Carvings

Nowadays there has been an increase in awareness and preservation of the tradition of wood carving. Heritage conservation groups and many cultural organizations have worked to preserve and protect the wood carvings in temples and other places. They are replacing and renovating damaged carvings and ensuring that these carvings will be treasured for future generations. Despite the change in trends there is still practice of carvings and many workshops are being conducted to cultivate the talent. Despite various efforts to preserve and promote wood carving, several challenges have also taken place. Urbanization, environmental degradation, and socioeconomic factors bring threats to traditional wood carving communities and their cultural heritage.  


 

Conclusion

Fortunately, we feel that the medieval era never ended in Nepal because most of its historical monuments and artworks have remained preserved. The three medieval Durbar Squares and temples of Kathmandu valley have been preserved with incredible wooden artworks. Nowadays these artworks have got a huge commercial value and are exported to foreign countries as well. Wood carvings of Nepal have reached all over the world now. 


 


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Do Stars Die?
- Aditya Gupta - 25027, Grade X ... 23 February, 2024

Stars are giant cosmic objects, the glowing balls of gas. They are primarily the mixture of hydrogen and helium held together by the force of their own gravity. The reason behind their shine is the thermonuclear fusion reaction (hydrogen fusion) in their cores that keep stars bright. Whether or not the stars die depends on how we think of 'die'. Stars don't cease to exist in the way that living things do. Instead, they undergo a complex transformation when their fuel runs out. We should imagine it like a caterpillar morphing into a butterfly, but on a cosmic scale.

The entire process is finite due to the limited storage of hydrogen fuel in them. And when a star exhausts all of its nuclear fuel, its fate (end) takes a different turn. The fate of the stars undergoes some complex transformations and gets ended into a cosmic event known as supernovae, resulting in neutron stars or black holes in the case of giant stars, or in the case of smaller stars, a serene white dwarf.

In the case of smaller stars like the sun, they transform into a phase called “Red Giant” when those stars burn all of their hydrogen to helium. This process takes about 10 billion years. After the small stars get changed into a Red Giant, they become bigger and more denser than they are today. At this time it will start burning helium to carbon for a few hundred million years until it runs out of helium. And since it will not be dense enough to form other heavier elements like iron, the fusion process will stop. This will make the star collapse into its core due to inward acting gravity as there will be no fusion energy to stabilize its gravity. Then it will calmly shed its outer layers into space called a “Planetary nebula”. The white dwarfs are formed, an approximately earth-sized inner core. Other white dwarfs in binary systems may explode as novae. But they do not go on to form a neutron star or a black hole like other big stars do.

In case of larger stars, they experience more complex transformations and endings. When their fuel is all used, a “Red Supergiant” star is formed. The biggest stars in the universe are the red supergiant stars, about 1800 times the size of the Sun. Red supergiants are similar to red giants. They form when  stars run out of hydrogen fuel in their core. After using up its hydrogen fuel, it becomes a red supergiant. Due to its higher mass when the core collapses, the temperature rises quickly, which speeds up the helium fusion reaction. This fast fusion destabilizes the star. A massive amount of energy pushes the outer layers of the star outward, and turns it into a red supergiant. At this point, the star's pull towards its center is balanced by the strong push outward caused by the intense helium fusion reaction happening in its core. However, the star loses a significant amount of its mass into space. So, even though Red Supergiants are some of the largest stars, they aren't the most massive. Then the Red Supergiants exhausts the helium in their cores within one or two million years and then starts to burn carbon. This continues with fusion of heavier elements until an iron core builds up, which then collapses to produce a supernova. 

If the remaining star mass is more than three solar masses, the force is pushed out from the neutrons and that force (called neutron degeneracy pressure) isn't strong enough to stop the collapse. So the core keeps collapsing more and more until it becomes something called a black hole. A black hole is a place in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. It's like a super squished and dense point in space. And if the remaining star mass is less than three solar masses, a supernova changes into a neutron star. The core crushes down so much that all the protons and electrons get contracted into neutrons. Then these new neutrons stop the collapse and that's when we get a neutron star.

Hence, the stars in the cosmos end into three bodies: White dwarfs, Neutron stars and Black holes. However, stars have this incredible journey in space. They're not like living things that will suddenly “die”, but they go through some amazing changes, transformations and endings. When we look up at the night sky, each star has its own special story to share.


 


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Dinosaurs: Earth's Legacy and Intergalactic Speculation
- Muskan Singh - 24023, Grade X ... 22 February, 2024

It isn't always unbelievable to think that dinosaurs might have unlocked the secrets of time tour and, upon discovering an approaching cataclysmic occasion like a meteor strike, took proactive measures to make certain their survival. They may want to have built significant spaceships to explore the vastness of the universe and search for a new habitable planet. The fossils and bones which have been observed on earth should thoroughly belong to the ones dinosaurs left behind, while the moon turned ingeniously created to function as an observatory to hold a watchful eye on their authentic domestic. This theory profits a few guide from the reality that even Mercury and Venus,  neighboring planets, lack moons.

Perhaps, Earth did no longer in the beginning own a moon. In this hypothetical scenario, it is doable to assume that, upon witnessing the evolution of people on Earth, the advanced dinosaurs may have lower back to our planet to increase their knowledge and help in our development. It is even attainable that we have encountered their teachings and observed the brilliant systems they constructed, inclusive of the historic Egyptian pyramids. The ancient Egyptians worshiped deities with human, animal, and reptilian functions, referred to as Annunakies. Could it be viable that these Annunakies had been truly the dinosaurs who arrived on Earth in a humanoid form to resource humanity and establish a connection with us? 

Perhaps the pyramids have been built as symbolic representations of the Earth's structure, designed by way of those exceedingly advanced beings. When analyzing the evolution of human beings, one cannot ignore the possibility that dinosaurs may also have also undergone their own evolutionary advancements all through the remarkable span of their 300 million year reign on Earth. The large expanse of time opens up endless opportunities and allows us to entertain interesting thoughts. For example, I recently stumbled upon a concept-scary video wherein a woman proposed the concept that the moon could potentially be a complicated spacecraft designed especially to study life on Earth, mainly humans. 

To my marvel, while she posed this query to astronauts, they seemed to lend credence to her idea. While I can not in my view affirm the accuracy of her claims, I discover myself leaning towards the belief that dinosaurs were far greater advanced than people in the course of their time on Earth. In the end, delving into the evolution of human beings necessarily results in the contemplation of the dinosaurs' very own evolutionary adventure. While the ideas provided here are only speculative, they invite us to consider the possibility that dinosaurs have been now not simply primitive creatures, but rather superior beings who may additionally have played a sizable role in shaping our world. 

The mysteries surrounding their life and their ability to interact with humanity hold to captivate our imaginations, urging us to explore further and embrace the enigmatic possibilities that lie past our cutting-edge understanding. Adding another layer of intrigue, latest clinical findings have suggested that our moon is showing signs and symptoms of rusting, which scientists attribute to a mixture of iron and water at the moon's surface.

However, this raises a complicated question: how should water exist on such an arid satellite tv for pc just like the moon? While I should admit that the validity of my theory is uncertain, I have meticulously connected various strands of studies and information to formulate this hypothesis. Taking into account the dinosaurs' sizable reign on Earth and the scarcity of concrete evidence concerning their lifestyles, it's reasonable to consider the belief that they advanced into particularly clever interstellar beings and feature seeing that determined a new domestic environment on every other planet that offers them comparable conditions to Earth. Thus, all that remains of them on Earth are the creatures that constitute their legacy, normally known as animals.


 


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शिक्षा
- Aashika Acharya - 25066, Grad ... 22 February, 2024

शिक्षा एउटा सुपर गाइड जस्तै हो, जसले हामीलाई जीवन अन्वेषण र आनन्द लिन मद्दत गर्दछ । यो छोटो र सरल छ तर यो अति महत्त्वपूर्ण छ । पहिलो शिक्षाले हामीलाई राम्रा चीजहरू सिक्न मद्दत गर्दछ । यो केवल सम्झना मात्र होइन तर हाम्रो वरिपरि चीजहरू कसरी काम गर्दछ भनेर बुझ्नेजस्तै  अनि पढाइ, लेखन, गणित र विज्ञानका नयाँ नयाँ ज्ञानगुनका कुराहरू । यसले रोजगारीको ढोका खोल्छ। चाहे तपाईं वैज्ञानिक, शिक्षक वा शेफ बन्न चाहनुहुन्छ । शिक्षाले तपाईंलाई ती उत्कृष्ट कामहरू गर्न उपयुक्त उपकरण र ज्ञान दिन्छ । शिक्षाले हामीलाई असल मानिस कसरी बन्ने भनेर पनि सिकाउँछ। यसले हामीलाई राम्रो हुनु, अरूलाई बुझ्ने, र सँगै काम गर्ने महत्त्व देखाउँछ। सबै भन्दा राम्रो भाग शिक्षा सबैको लागि हो । तपाईं केटा होस् वा केटी धनी होस् वा गरिब यसले फरक पार्दैन । जब धेरै मानिसहरूले सिक्ने मौका पाउँछन्, यसले सबैका लागि चीजहरूलाई अझ राम्रो बनाउन मद्दत गर्दछ । शिक्षा तपाईँको दिमागको शक्ति जस्तै हो । यसले हामीलाई रचनात्मक, जिज्ञासु र नयाँ कुराहरू सिक्न उत्साहित बनाउँछ। विद्यालयमा नहुँदा पनि, हाम्रो दैनिक जीवनमा समस्याहरू समाधान गर्न र चुनौतीहरूको सामना गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ । तसर्थ शिक्षा एक अद्भूत शक्ति हो । यसले हामीलाई सिक्न राम्रा जागिरहरू प्राप्त गर्न असल मानिस बन्न र संसारलाई अझ राम्रो र आनन्दित ठाउँ बनाउन मद्दत गर्छ ।


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स्वर्गको एक टुकुरा नेपाल
- Stup Bhattarai - 24045, Grade ... 21 February, 2024

नेपाली भई जन्मन पाको छु भाको छ इच्छा पूरा

हाम्रो देश नेपाल बिश्व सामु ,स्वर्गको एक टुकुरा

चार जात छत्तीस वर्णको फूलवारी हो यो लौ साझा

सारा नेपाली भनी विश्व सामु चिनिएका छौँ आज


 

हामीलाई उचाइमा पुर्याउने सगरमाथा छ शिर 

बुद्ध जन्मिएको शान्ति भूमिमा छौँ लाग्दैन कत्ति पीर

जे छ त्यही बोलिरहे यो मनले गर्दिन ठुला कुरा

हाम्रो देश नेपाल बिश्व सामु स्वर्गको एक टुकुरा


 

प्राकृति अनि संस्कृतिको पनि छ हाम्रो देश यो धनी 

चिनाउन पाउ विश्व सामु सधैँ म त नेपाली भनी 

जन्मिए यहीँ मर्न यही पाउ लौ हुने छ इच्छा पूरा

हाम्रो देश नेपाल विश्व सामु स्वर्गको एक टुकुरा


 

हिमाल पहाड अनि हेर लौ छसम्म तल तराई

भाइ बन्धु भइ बसिएको छ निलाग्दैन कोही पराइ

नेपाली कमजोर हुनुहुन्न सबैले यही भन्ठान

झुकाउन शिर जान्दैन है वीर गोर्खालीको सन्तान



 

वीर गोर्खालीका सन्तान हामी चिनिएको यही नाम

गर्न हुन्न कहिल्यै पनि शिर झुकाउने लौ काम

फेरि पनि दोहोर्याउन मन लाग्यो मलाइ उहीँ कुरा

हाम्रो देश नेपाल विश्व सामु स्वर्गको एक टुकुरा


 


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