In the history of human civilization, one question stands out to me the most. Why do humans kill each other? Why do they fight? Aren't we supposed to be intelligent creatures? If yes then why do we do something that makes a downfall to the human species? From ancient tribes to modern acts of terrorism and crimes, the act of killing has grown more across time, culture, and geography. But why? What makes individuals commit such grave crimes against their fellow friends? To study about this we need to dive deep into the complex psychological, social, and environmental factors of us humans.

At the core of this article lies human nature itself. While humans can have empathy, cooperation, and compassion, they also find themselves with a capacity for violence. Psychology suggests that aggression, in certain contexts, might have advantaged the survival of our ancestors. In the struggle for resources, territory, or mates, those who were willing to resort to violence may have gained an advantageous edge. Though modern society has largely made these issues less severe, there is still emotion of hatred and anger inside a human's psychology. Even though we are in modern society yet, reducing the urge to kill completely to humans would be overly simplistic and that would be almost impossible. The human mind is a laboratory of thoughts, emotions, and experiences so these factors can affect any human. Psychologists have long studied the factors that result in violent behavior. Scientists have found out that from childhood trauma and bad upbringing to untreated mental illness and personality disorders are the results of the scientists. For some individuals, a combination of these factors can create a perfect storm, and that storm wipes out all empathy and decision making.

Social dynamics also play an important role in creating attitudes towards violence. Our society's trend of resolving conflict is through aggression or violence and it is glorified and normalized. Such factors are absorbed by individuals making their nature. Similarly, factors such as poverty, inequality, and systemic injustice lead to revenge. Furthermore, the influence of cultural and historical context cannot be understated. Wars fought in the name of ideology, religion, or nationalism have claimed countless lives throughout history, highlighting the combination of belief systems and power dynamics in violence. Likewise, the creation of Weapons technology has made killing more efficient and easy. The weapons can easily satisfy the hunger of revenge of an individual so it seems more tempting and creates more violence in the human society. There are motivational factors behind the attitude of being violent. Social psychology shows the impact of situational factors on behavior. It illustrates how an ordinary individual can influence to commit acts of violence under certain circumstances. Factors such as peer pressure can lead to violence in human society. 

Despite our learning in human behavior, the question of why people kill each other remains as a vast puzzle with no easy answers. The motivations are as diverse and complex as the open ocean. Our emotions lead to violence and that emotions are motivated by several factors, but there are some cases which contradict the studies of psychologists but in my opinion since the newer generations are getting both emotionally and socially weaker. The war is yet to come and that war very well might just be the biggest war the human kind has seen and it might wipe out 50% of human beings.

नेपाल एक सानो तर सुन्दर देश हाे । हाम्राे देश धार्मिक र सांकृतिक रूपमा निकै धनी छ । हाम्राे देश नेपालमा १०० भन्दा बढी जातजाति र तिनीहरूले बाेल्ने भाषा छन् । यहाँ  जातजाति अनुसारका  धेरै चाडपर्वहरू छन् । हामी  काेही पराई छैनाैँ, नेपालमा बस्ने हामी सबै आफन्त हाैँ । हाम्रो देशमा कसैलाइ पराइ ठान्ने भावना छैन । हाम्रो देश एउटा ठुलो फूलकाे  बगैँचा जस्तै हो । सबै जना भाषा र धर्मका रूपमा अलग भए पनि हामी एकअर्कासँग रमाएर बस्छौँ । हामी सबैको बिच भाइचाराकाे सम्बन्ध छ । जातजाति, धर्म, भाषा, चाडपर्व फरक भए पनि एकअर्कासँग मिलेर बस्नु नेपालीकाे विशेषता हाे । नेपालमा चाडपर्वका नाममा कसैसँग झगडा हुँदैन । हिमाल,पहाड र तराई जहाँ बसे पनि हामी नेपाली हुनुमा गर्व गर्छाैँ । सबैका चाडपर्वमा शुभकामना आदानप्रदान गर्छाैँ । हाम्रा मुख्य चाडपर्व भनेका दसैँ, तिहार बुद्धजयन्ति, उँधौली, उँभौली, ल्होसार, क्रिसमस, इद, तिज, हाेली माघी आदि हुन् । चाडपर्वहरू नेपालमा एकदम राम्ररी र रमाइलो गरी मनाउने चलन छ । चाडपर्वले सद्भाव , एकता, भाइचारा, परिवारको साथ, माया आदि कुराकाे सम्बन्ध बढाउँछ । नेपालीहरूका लागि चाडपर्व एकदमै महत्त्वपूर्ण  छ ।

सपना देख्न के अठोट गर्नुपर्छ

के उसले आफ्नो जीवन दिनुपर्छ

सानैदेखि ठुला सपना देख्दथिई ऊ

उसको साचिकैको नाम के थियो ?

कहाँबाट आएकी थिई  ऊ ?

कसैलाई थाहा थिएन

तर हामी सबैले उसलाई माया भन्थियाैँ

नाम जस्तै थिई ऊ

साना हुन् वा ठुला सबैलाई दया र मायाले हेर्दथिई  ऊ

लुगा उसले जे लगाए पनि

अनुहार हेर्दा लाग्थ्यो कि भर्खरै इन्द्रेणीसँगै खेलेर आएकीझैँ देखिन्थिई 

उत्तिकै राम्री पनि,

ठुला सपना देख्न सानैदेखि सिकेकी थिई क्यारे

उडेर आकाश छुन्छु भन्थिई 

खै कसरी बिर्सिछे

वर्षाको पहिलो थोपोको लागि पर्खन्थिई ऊ

तर अन्त्यमा त त्यही वर्षाको पहिलो थोपाले नै उसलाई लग्यो

उसको रङ्गलाई आफ्नै झैँ लाग्यो

र गयो अर्को बिउ रोप्न,अर्की त्यस्ती माया खोज्न

समय बित्दै जादाँ सपना पनि बिलाएर जादाँ रहेछन्

र अन्त्यमा त त्यही आर्यघाट मै त पुगिन्छ

ती मायाको केही बाँकी नभए पनि

उसको रातो रिबन त्यहीँ थियो।

Up in the height,

Stars shining in the night,

Being luminous and,

Giving off their light

The sun is a star,

Which gives us light all day,

Travelling in a straight line,

Why is the star going farther away day by day?

Some of them are musical stars,

Some are dancing far,

Whatever they are,

But they have talent for something.

If you do good work,

You are a star,

Shining in the sky,

With the colours yellow, red, and white,

Sunlight gives energy,

For heat and light,

Up in the sky,

Doing their daily flight.

Technology has been something more important than anything recently. Technology has been more than our life. Even in everything technology is used. Many people in the house have mobile phones. No one talks to no one in every single room. Every single person is on the phone. Even the poor people have phones in their hands. If someone needs something as a gift they would always ask for a phone, ipad, tablet, laptop and TV. There are a lot of electronic shops right now, more than the other shops. If everyone is on the phone always then they would not be alone. In the chat also you can chat with your friend. 

If you are not feeling good then you can share it with your friend who always understands you even in the chat if you are at home. If someone said something bad to you or you are feeling lonely then you have your friend technology in which you can just listen to a song. You can just listen to your favorite songs and just see something that can give you peace or relaxation. You can also have it as a friend who you would talk to and feel good. Just like if you have alexa, you can talk to. If you don’t have someone to play with then you can play with the alexa or the google home you have. As per the saying it is said that the coin has two parts one is the head and one is the tail then also technology has two sides, one good and one bad but if you see it then it has more good part then the bad part. 

If you are a positive thinker then you would feel that the technology is good but if you are not a positive thinker and you are a negative thinker then you would think that technology is bad. The kids join kids messenger and other things then they would be a person who would be socializing with everyone. It would be easy for them to talk different language.It would also be easy for them to get knowledge or to get more information. It would also be very easy for them to be with their friends.

In conclusion, technology is a tool and how we use it matters.

जहाँ बग्छ कल्कल गर्दै खोला 

जहाँ छ प्रकृतिको उपहारले भरिएकाे झाेला

 जुन छ मलाई मेरो प्राणभन्दा पनि प्याराे

त्यहीँ  नै हो मेरो प्याराे जन्मभूमि गाउँघर

जहाँ जोडिएका छन्  मेरा बालापनका यादहरू

 जहाँ छ हरियाली नै हरियाली त्यहीँ हाे मेरो गाउँघर

जुन ठाउँ छैन स्वर्गभन्दा कम 

सबैले भन्छन् मन नै हाे सबैभन्दा ठुलाे धन

जुन ठाउँमा पाइन्छ माया नै मायाको खानी

 जुन ठाउँमा पाइन्छ शान्ति नै शान्ति

 त्यही नै हो मेरो गाउँघर

समय यस धर्तीको सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण चिज हो र यस महत्त्वपूर्ण चिजको केहीसँग पनि तुलना गर्न सकिदैन । हाम्रो जीवन छोटो छ, तर हाम्रो  काम धेरै छ र यस कारणले हामीले हाम्रो समयको उचित रुपमा प्रयोग गनुपर्छ । समय सधैँ अगाडि मात्र बढ्‌छ, कहिले फर्किदैन । बितेको समय र बगेको खोला कहिल्यै फर्किदैन भन्ने उखान नै छ र यसको अर्थ हामीले हाम्रो समयको उचित रुपमा प्रयोग गनुपर्छ । समय सधैँ अगाडि मात्र बढ्‌छ, कहिले फर्किदैन। हामीले समयलाई खेर फाल्नुहुँदैन । यदि हामीले समय खेर फाल्याैँ  भने समयले हामीलाई  नै नष्ट गर्छ । हामीले समयको ख्याल राखी एक-एक सेकेन्डको समय पनि खेर फाल्नुहुँदैन समयले एक पटकका लागि मात्र हामीलाई अवसर प्रदान गर्छ । यदि हामीले त्यस अवसरको उपयोग गरेनाैँ भने त्यस समयलाई कहिल्यै फिर्ता ल्याउन सकिँदैन । हाम्रो समाजमा केही मान्छेहरू जुवातास, गफ, गरेर नै आफ्नो अनमोल समय खर्च गर्छन् र आफ्नाे अनमोल समय बुझदैनन् । टेलिभिजन र कुरा काटेर पनि समय खर्च गर्ने मानिसहरूले पनि जीवनमा धेरै दुःख पाउँछन् । समय खर्च गर्नाले ती मानिसहरूले धेरै पैसा र आफ्नो अनमोल समय पनि गुमाउँछन् । एउटा पुर्खौली भनाइ छ-समय र जमाना कसैको लागि परिर्वतन हुँदैन र यसकाे अर्थ याे हो कि समय र जमाना कसैका लागि पर्खदैन । सबै जना समयअनुसार नै चल्नुपर्छ । समय सबैले निःशुल्क पाउँछन्, कसैले पनि यसलाई किन्न सकिदैन र कसैले पनि यसको सिमाना नाग्न सक्दैन । समयले नै सबैलाई सबैतिर तान्दछ । हाम्रो जीवन अनमोल छ । हामीले सफल हुन धेरै काम गर्नुपर्छ। यदि जीवनमा समयको महत्त्व बुझ्न नसके हामीले यस जीवनका सुनौला पल गु‌माउँन सक्छौँ।

समय भनेको नै पैसा हो। जसको अर्थ समयलाई पैसासँग तुलना गर्न सकिँदैन किनभने हामीले पैसा गुमायाैँ भने फेरि पाउँन सक्दैनाैँ, तर एक चाेटि  गएको समय फिर्ता आउँदैन ।

 यस संसारमा सबै कुरा समय  अनुसार चल्दछ र यसको सेकेन्ड सेकेन्डको महत्त्व छ जसलाई हामीले खेर नफाली उपयोग गर्नुपर्छ।

पोखराबाट टाढा जाँदा हरिया डाँडा र साना गाउँहरू देख्न पाइन्छ । किसानहरू खेतमा काम गरिरहेका हुन्छन्, र हामी छेउबाट जाँदा केटाकेटीहरूले हामीलाई अल्मल्याउँछन्। यो शान्त दृश्य हामी कारबाट आनन्द लिन्छौँ। जब हामी अगाडि बढ्छौँ, दृश्य परिवर्तन हुन्छ। पहाडहरू ढुङ्गा बन्छन्, र त्यहाँ कम रुखहरू छन् । हावा पनि फरक, सुख्खा र धुलो महसुस गर्छाैँ । मेरा आमाबुबा र म झ्याल बाहिर हेर्छाैँ, परिवर्तन देखेर छक्क पर्दै चाँडै हामी काली गण्डकी नदीमा पुग्छौँ । हामी यस पुललाई पार गर्छौं। अर्को छेउमा मुस्ताङ,अरु भन्दा फरक ठाउँ त्यहाँ कुनै रूखहरू छैनन्, केवल बलौटे मैदानहरू र अग्ला चट्टानहरू छन् । हामी मरुभूमिमा छौँ जस्तो लाग्छ । मेरा आमाबुबा र म मुस्ताङ घुम्न उत्साहित अझै छौँ । हाम्रो पहिलो बिसौनी पुरानो राजधानी लो मान्थाङ हो । साँघुरो सडक र माटोले बनेका पुराना भवनहरू भएको यो पर्खालले घेरिएको सहर हो । जता हेर्‍याे हावामा फडकिरहेका रङ्गिन झण्डाहरू छन् । हामी पुराना गल्लीहरूमा हिँड्छौँ । मेरा आमाबुबा र म हात समातेर सयौँ वर्ष पहिलेको जीवन कस्तो थियो भन्ने कल्पना गर्दै हामी शाही दरबारको भ्रमण गर्छौं। यस समयमा फर्किनु हामी यसलाई सँगै अनुभव गर्न कृतज्ञ छौँ।

मुस्ताङमा हेर्नका लागि धेरै चिज छन् । मेरा आमाबाबु र म छोसेर गुफाहरू भ्रमण गर्छौं, जहाँ मानिसहरू धेरै पहिले बस्थे। गुफा अँध्यारो र चिसो छ, र हामी अन्वेषण गर्न फ्ल्यासलाइटहरू प्रयोग गर्छौं। हामी पर्खालहरूमा पुरातन चित्रहरू देख्छौँ, र यस्तो लाग्छ कि हामीले लुकेको खजाना पत्ता लगाइरहेका छौँ । घाम अस्ताउने बित्तिकै हामी सँगै बस्छौँ र आकाशमा रङ्गहरू परिवर्तन भएको हेर्छौं। मेरा आमाबाबु र म हाम्रो 

दिनको बारेमा कुरा गर्छौं, हाम्रा मनपर्ने क्षणहरू साझा गर्छौं। हामी परिवारको रूपमा यो साहसिक कार्यको अनुभव गर्दै आभारी भएकाे महसुस गर्छौं। पोखरादेखि मुस्ताङसम्मको हाम्रो यात्रा अविस्मरणीय रह्यो । मेरा आमाबुबा र मैले अद्भुत दृश्यहरू देखेका छौँ र सम्झनाहरू बनाएका छौँ जुन जीवनभर रहने छ । यो एक विशेष साहसिक कार्य भएको छ ।

In a quiet room where sorrow unfolds,

Lie to a friend with a heart of silver and gold

Listening, caring about every burden people share,

But inside, emotions are heavy to bear,

They wear a smile like a comforting glove,

Helping others find strength and love,

But in silence, when the day is done,

They carry a tragedy, hidden from everyone,

In the therapy room, where the shadows loom,

The therapist friend carries an emotional tomb,

Silent screams in the heart’s confusing maze,

Their own sorrows are hidden under their comforting gaze,

As they light the path for others to mend

Their own wounds deepen; a tragedy blends

In echoes of silence, they quietly cope

A healer’s heart tangled in hope,

A canvas painted with others' despair

Yet their own palette holds colours unfair

Their eyes have a reflective pool of untold pain

A therapist’s struggle is hard to maintain

They listen to everyone,

Yet no one listens to them,

There once lived a naughty boy. He used to live in a huge house. He was very selfish about his dad’s wealth. His family was the richest. His parents were very kind hearted. They used to help needy people all the time. They loved helping people. Whereas the boy was the complete opposite. He loved seeing people suffer. He wouldn’t help people in need, in fact he used to laugh at them and  make fun of them. The maid of the house took care of him. He would make the maid regret the decision of working in his house. But the maid could do nothing but work there with a smile. The boy used to make lots of trouble. And the poor maid had to face the consequences. The boy used to enjoy it. His parents used to tell him to always be kind and help people in need. In front of his parents he used to act all innocent and in the back he was a devil. One day his parents went on a long trip. And the boy was alone with the maid. He was rude to the maid. One day while his parents were coming from the trip. They had a bad accident. It was a car crash. His parents' car crashed on a rock of the hill. His parents were badly injured and then they were admitted to the hospital. When he heard the news about his parents he was crushed. His heart sank to the bottom. He remembered each and every moment with his parents. He visited his parents in the hospital and was crying a lot. Then his parents were brought home and the maid took good care of him and it helped his parents recover well. Then the boy realized what he had done. He was sorry towards the maid and apologized to both his parents and the maid. Then the boy started being kind and very helpful and would welcome everyone with a smile. And from that day he and his family lived happily ever after.

कुनै पनि काम वा घटना भएकाे काल वा वेलालाई समय भनिन्छ । समय भनेको बेला, काल र क्षण  हो । समयलाई देख्न र धुन सकिँदैन । समयलाई हामीले अनुभव मात्र गर्न सक्छौँ । समय आफ्नै गतिमा हिँडिरहन्छ । मानिसले समयलाई आफ्नो सुविधाका लागि सेकेण्ड, मिनेट, घण्टा, दिन, हप्ता, महिना, वर्ष  भनेर वर्गीकरण गरेका छन् । समय, निरन्तर रूपमा चलिरहन्छ । यो कहिले रोकिँदैन । समयको पालना नर्गनाले मानिस पछाडि पर्ने हुनाले मानिसका लागि समयको धेरै महत्त्व छ । आजको बालक भोलि समय बित्दै जाँदा युवा, वृद्ध हुँदै जान्छ र एकदिन मृत्यु‌को मुखमा पुग्छ । मानिसले बिहानको सूर्योदयसँगै आफ्ना क्रियाक‌लापहरू सुरु गर्छ अनि विद्यालयमा पुग्छ भने शिक्षक पनि ठिक समयमा कक्षाकोठामा प्रवेश गर्नहुन्छ । किसान पनि ठिक समयमा खेतबारीमा काम गर्न ठिक समयमा त्यहाँ पुग्छ । जो मानिसले समयको पालना गर्दैन ऊ आफ्नो लक्ष्यमा पुग्न सक्दैन । समयको परिवर्तनसँग मानिसले आफ्नो जीवन शैलीमा परिवर्तन ल्याउनुपर्छ । जाडो याममा बाक्ला वा न्यानो कपडा लगाउनु र गर्मीमा पातला कपडा लगाउनु परिवर्तनका कारण हुन् । समयको पालना गरेर नै आज संसारमा मानिसहरूले नामदाम कमाएका छन् । समयको महत्त्वलाई बुझेर अगाडि बढ्ने मानिस जुनसकै क्षेत्रमा पनि सफल हुन्छ।  समयको महत्त्वलाई नबुझ्ने मानिसले सफलता प्राप्त गर्न सक्दैन त्यसैले समयमै हामीले हाम्रा कामहरू गर्नुपर्छ।

जलवायु परिवर्तनले तापक्रममा हुने दीर्घकालीन वृद्धिलाइ जनाउँछ । यो जीवात्मा इन्धन जलाउने वन फडानी र औद्योगिक क्रियाकलाप जस्ता मानवीय गतिविधिहरूका कारण हुन्छ । यी गतिविधिहरूले हरित गृह ग्यासहरू जस्तै कार्बनडाइअक्साइड मिथेन नाइट्रसअक्साइड वायुमण्डलमा छोड्छ। जसले गर्मी गर्दछ र ग्रहलाइ तातो बनाउँछ । 

जलवायु परिवर्तनको मुख्य कारण जीवात्मा इन्धनहरू जलाउनु हो । ऊर्जाको लागि, जसले कार्बन डाइअक्साइड वायुमण्डलमा छोड्छ । रुखहरूले कार्बन डाइअक्साइड शोषण गर्छन् त्यसैले वन विनाशले महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छ । वन विनाशले पनि वायुमण्डलमा हरितगृह ग्याँसहरूको निर्माण हुन्छ । 

जलवायु परिवर्तनका असरहरू खतरनाक छन् । यसले बढ्दो समुन्द्री स्तर, अधिक चरम मौसम र जैविक विविधता जस्ता कुरामा  हानि पुर्‍याउँछ । बढ्दो तापक्रमले ग्लेसियरहरू पग्लन पनि निम्त्याउँछ । जसले समुद्री सतह वृद्धिमा योगदान पुर्‍याउँछ । 

जलवायु परिवर्तनसँग लड्न हरित गृह ग्यास उत्पादन कम गर्नुपर्छ। थप रूपमा वायुमण्डलबाट कार्बन डाइअक्साइड शोषण गर्न र जलवायु परिवर्तनको प्रभावहरूलाई कम गर्न पुनरुत्थान प्रयासहरू महत्त्वपूर्ण छ । 

व्यक्तिगत कार्यहरूले पनि जलवायु परिवर्तनलाई घटाउन सकिन्छ । जस्तै ऊर्जाको प्रयोग घटाउने सार्वजनिक यातायातको प्रयोग गर्ने इत्यादि । साथै यी प्रयासहरूले भावी पुस्ताहरूका लागि ग्रहलाई संरक्षण गर्छ ।

जलवायु परिवर्तनसँग लड्ने एउटा उपाय भनेको नवकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोतहरू जस्तै सौर्य वायु र जलविद्युतमा परिवर्तन गर्नु हो। अर्को महत्वपूर्ण समाधानको उपाय भनेको प्राकृतिक इकोसिस्टम संरक्षण गर्नु र पुनर्स्थापना गर्नु हो। 

१९औँ शताब्दीको उत्तरार्धदेखि विश्वको औसत तापक्रम लगभग १.२ डिग्री सेल्सियस बढेको छ। पछिल्ला पाँच वर्ष रेकर्डमा सबैभन्दा तातो वर्ष रहेको छ।  वायुमण्डलमा कार्बन डाइअक्साइडको एकाग्रता ४१५ भाग प्रति मिलियन पुगेको छ, कम्तीमा आठ लाख वर्षमा उच्चतमस्तर । गत शताब्दीमा समुद्रको सतह कम्तीमा ८ इन्चले बढेको छ। हिमनदीहरू पग्लिनुको कारणले समुद्री सतहको वृद्धिको दर तीव्र हुँदै गइरहेको छ। आँधीबेहाेरी तातो लहरहरू र जङ्गली आगाेलागीहरू गम्भीर हुँदै गएका छन् ।  अन्त्यमा जलवायु परिवर्तन अहिलेको समयको ठुलो समस्या हो र यसलाइ हामीले कम गर्नुपर्छ । 

Among the street cities in the Kathmandu Valley, Bhaktapur is known as ‘The Cultural City’ and also called ‘Khwopa’ in the local Newari tongue. It was considered the capital of Nepal Mandal from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The city is situated 1401m above sea level, shaped like a flying pigeon, and covers an area of 688 sq km. According to the 2021 census, Bhaktapur has a population of 81748 people, with the majority being Buddhists and Hindus. The people in Bhaktapur live together in unity, showcasing harmony between the two religions. Bhaktapur is also referred to as a 'Living Heritage’.

Bhaktapur has preserved the vibrant cultures of the local Newars. Mohani, Swonti, and Biska Jatra are major attractions in the city. The people engage in cultural dances, songs, bhajans, and rituals in their day-to-day lives. The city boasts numerous old and historical temples, along with other tourist attractions. Some major attractions include:

Bhaktapur Durbar Square: The main square of the city, full of flourishing art and culture, featuring the Golden Gate, National Art Gallery, the palace of 55 windows, the Vatsala temple, the big bell, the Pashupatinath Temple Stone, Pashupatinath Temple, Temple of Siddhi Lakshmi, octagonal structure Chasing Mandap, Silu Mahadev temple, Golden Spout, and Stone Spout, showcasing diverse architecture.

 

Taumadhi Square: Another important square with excellent examples of engineering and architecture, featuring multiple multi-roofed temples and rectangular temples.

 

Pottery Square: A place where pottery is still widely practised using traditional pottery wooden wheels, with various portables on display.

 

Dattatreya Square: It is the oldest part of the city, serving as an open museum.

 

Such beautiful architecture and diverse culture can be found in and around Bhaktapur, including its neighbouring cities, Kathmandu and Lalitpur. Even in this new era of technology, one can never be as fascinated as when experiencing the cultures and architecture of our country. It is something all Nepalese can be proud of.