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राणाशासन
- Aakanchhya Khadka - 27001, Gr ... 08 July, 2022

नेपाल दक्षिण एसियामा रहेको प्राकृतिक सुन्दरता, विभिन्न जाति,धर्म , संस्कृतिले भरिएको एक स्वतन्त्र देश हो । हाम्रो देश नेपाल पहिले पनि कुनै पनि राज्यको अधिनमा  आएको छैन । हाम्रो देश कहिल्यै पनि कुनै पनि राज्यको उपनिवेशमा नआए पनि १८४६ देखि १९५१ सम्म राणाशासनले  थिचेकाे  थियो  । १८४६ देखि १९५१ सम्म राजनीति गतिविधि  र सरकार आफ्नो नेतृत्व लिई नेपालमा शासन गरेका थिए ।

राणा शासनको सुरुवात जङ्गबहादुर राणाबाट  भयो । उनको जन्म जुन १८ मा  भयो  भनिने गरिन्छ ।  उनले राजा राजेन्द्रको पालामा एउटा जङ्गली हात्तीलाई वशमा ल्याउन सकेका थिए । यस क्रियाकलापबाट उनले राजाको मनलाइ लोभ्याउन सफल भए । त्यसपछि उनी शाही दरबारमा प्रवेश गर्न सफल भए । राजा राजेन्द्रको छोरा सुरेन्द्रको पालामा भने उनले मन्त्रीको गद्दी हासिल गरे । अनि आफू र आफूपछि  आउने आफ्ना  सन्तानका लागि सधैँभरिको लागि मन्त्रीको पद छिन्न सफल भए । उनले राज्य चलाउने सरकारका ठुला ठुला पदहरू आफ्ना नातेदारहरूलाई दिए राज्यको सबै बल आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा राखेका थिए । उनलाई लमजुङ कास्की प्राप्त भएका कारण उनलाई श्री ३ भनेर चिनिने पनि चिनिने गरिन्छ।  पछि भने राणा परिवारका शमशेर अन्य नातेदारहरूले जङ्गबहादुरका बालबच्चाहरूलाई मारी मन्त्री र सैनिक  शक्ति आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिए ।

राणाहरूले धेरै नराम्रा कामहरू  गरेपनि विभिन्न कालखण्डमा राणाहरूले धेरै राम्रा कामहरू पनि गरेका  छन् । देवशमसेर, जङ्गबहादुर, चन्द्र शमशेर आदिका पालामा राणा कालमा धेरै परिवर्तनहरू आएका थिए । मोहन शमशेर राणा राणा शासनका अन्तिम शासक थिए । उनले धेरै नराम्रा क्रियाकलापहरू गरेका कारण देशबाट निकालिएका थिए ।  त्यसपछि जनताहरूले राणा शासनकाे विराेध गर्न थाले । लगातार आन्दाेलन हुन थाल्याे । यस आन्दोलनमा शुक्रराज शास्त्री, दशरथचन्द जस्ता धेरै व्यक्तित्वहरूले आफ्नो ज्यान दिएका थिए अनि मात्र देशमा राणा ढलेर प्रजातन्त्र आएकाे थियाे ।  हाम्रो देशमा स्वतन्त्रका लागि ज्यान दिने व्यक्तित्वहरूलाई  हामीले आफ्नो मनदेखि श्रद्धाञ्जली दिनुपर्छ ।


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Politics and Employment
- Deeva Shrestha - 28016, Grade ... 08 July, 2022

Politics is the rule of law. It works to govern the state and improve the social and economic well-being of people. Politics works to make the law and also works for good education, health, employment etc. It serves to establish relations between the two countries.  It is a great thing to be involved in the development of the country by having good politics in every country.
Any profession that is done to earn money is called employment. Employment is a small and big job done for a living. It is a profession. All people are based on employment. It determines whether life is happy or unhappy and teaches people to save time and money. People all over the world are employed. Any individual, society and nation as a whole develops through employment. In a country where there is ample employment, the life of the people of that country is economically, socially and mentally happy and healthy, which directly affects the overall growth of society and that country.
It is politics that decides where to take the country and where not to take it. Every kind of policy is made by politics. Many employment related policies are also prepared in that rule. By working according to that policy, people across the country should be given employment as per the plan. The basis for making everyone's life powerful and strong is a happy life based on good politics and employment.
For that reason, politics and employment have a close relationship with the voice that politics should be good and provide employment for all. 


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संस्कृति र सांस्कृतिक महत्त्व
- Biplov Shrestha - 29009, Grad ... 08 July, 2022

संस्कृति भनेको पहिलेदेखि चलिआएको चलन हो। संस्कृति हाम्रो पुस्ता देखिन नै चलिआएकाे छ । विचार, चालचलन र एक विशेष व्यक्ति वा समाजको सामाजिक व्यवहार नै संस्कृति हो । हरेक समाजका हरेक व्यक्तिको आफ्नो आफ्नो सामाजिक जीवन रहेको हुन्छ । उनीहरूको त्यही आचारविचार, चालचलन, धर्म, भाषा, मूल्यमान्यताका आफ्नै किसिमका विशेषता हुन्छन्  र त्यसैलाई नै संस्कृतिको नामले हामी बुझ्न सक्छाैँ । नेपाल एउटा बहुजातीय, बहुधार्मिक र बहुसांस्कृतिक देश हो र नेपाली संस्कृति पनि त्यही आधारमा विभाजित छ । नेपालमा बसेका धेरै मानिसहरूको आफ्नै आफ्नै धर्म र परम्पराहरू रहेका छन् तर त्यही विविधताका माझमा सबै नेपाली एक अर्काका साथ मिलेर बसेका छन् र नेपालीहरूको त्यही एकता नै नेपाली संस्कृतिको विशेषता हो । 


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Nepali Organic Cuisines: Mantra To Living a Healthy Life
- Srishad Shiwakoti - 27026, Gr ... 07 July, 2022

Yummy chips, delicious pizza, enchanting noodles, everybody’s lip smacks after hearing these names. Nowadays, these fast foods are replacing all the nutritious home cooked foods. Fast foods are chosen by kids to old as they are tasty and easily available. Everyone is fascinated by the taste of fast foods but no one is aware of the harmful effects caused in our body due to the addition of monosodium glutamate.

Fast foods cause a lot of harm to our body. They can cause high blood pressure, resulting in hazardous diseases like heart disorders and also long term degenerative disorders. It only feeds half of our hunger and sweetens our mouth rather than giving nutrition and strength to our body. Some fast foods, on the contrary, increase our belly and make us obsessed. These types of food haven’t got any nutrition; rather they are high in cholesterol, sugar, sodium and low in fiber, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals.

Eating sometimes like once or twice a month can be good enough but regular eating such food can massively make us noxious. Nepal is a small country but rich in food and feeding habits. We do have sufficient varieties that we don’t need to have fast food or junk food. Instead we have to prefer Nepali cuisine like yomari, beaten rice, millet, barley, rice pudding, bara, corn, kwati, sattu ( flour of fried cereals) and lots. They feed the hunger and provide extreme energy because they all are rich in fiber and nutrition. They also represent Nepali and give Nepali vibes.

So everyone should realise the risk of fast food and understand the importance of organic food. Children should especially be taught to love and respect home-cooked food. The campaign should be started from each home and school. Family members and school canteens should encourage every child to enjoy organic and Nepali cuisine so that our generation can be healthy and live longer.


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Why Do We Faint?
- Reshu Rani Singh - 29023, Gra ... 07 July, 2022

In our day to day life, we find people passing out due to lack of food or poor health. But, what exactly happens to their bodies during such a moment ? Fainting is medically known as syncope, is a temporary loss of consciousness. It happens because our brain stops receiving enough oxygen-rich blood to continue its daily activities and loses the normal state of being awake and understanding what is happening around us.

There are multiple factors behind this loss of consciousness. The most common reason is a drop in blood pressure due to a strong vasovagal response often triggered by our reaction to something that socks us. This reflex is named after the vagus nerve, which runs from your brain to heart, lungs and digestive tract. The job of the vagus nerve is to stabilize the blood pressure when we are shocked or frightened, which leads to an increase in heart rate, shooting up the blood pressure. Sometimes these nerves malfunction and reduce the blood pressure more than normal, leading to a lack of  blood supply to our brain, resulting in a brief loss of consciousness or fainting. Beside, reacting to the sight of something that scares you or having an intense or emotional reaction, some other triggers can also cause a vasovagal syncope, getting overheated, standing for a long time, intense physical activity, etc..

It’s vital to know the early signs of fainting to avoid making things worse. And what are the signs? If someone is about to faint, they will show symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, paleness, vision changes, fast or irregular heartbeat, sweating and vomiting. If That happens immediately stop doing whatever you are involved in and if possible, lie down on the floor. This can help prevent a fainting attack, letting blood get to the brain. And once you feel better, stand up slowly. To prevent fainting in the first place, make sure to keep yourself hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. It’s vital to keep your blood circulating by moving around whenever possible, playing outside, doing regular exercise, and avoiding sitting in one place for a longer period.

Whenever you feel anxious, slowly breathe into a paper bag to stabilize the emotions and blood pressure. If you have only fainted once, it was brief, and the reasons are obvious, then there is usually no need to worry about it. But, if it happens regularly, then it's crucial to make an appointment with your doctor.
 


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फोहोर व्यवस्थापन र सफा सहर
- Suprabh Acharya - 27014, Grad ... 06 July, 2022

धेरै दिनसम्म मैले विद्यालय जाँदा आँउदा काठमाडाैँका चोकहरूमा फोहोरको थुप्रो देखिरहेको थिएँ  । भक्तपुरको कटुृन्जेबाट सिफल पुगुन्जेलमा बाटोमा लगभग दर्जनभन्दा बढी चोकहरूमा प्लास्टिकका झाेलाहरू भएका भरिभराउ फोहोर देखेपछि मेरो मनमा अनेक कुराहरू खेलिरहेका थिए । त्यही भएर मैले विद्यालयबाट घर फर्किए पछि मेरा वुवा आमालाई यस बारेमा जिज्ञासा राखेँ । उँहाहरूले भन्नु्भयो कि, एक हप्ता यतादेखि सिसडोलबासीले काठमाडाैँको फोहोर सिसडोल र बन्चरेडाँडा भन्ने ठाँउमा फाल्न नदिएर यस्तो भएको हो । हप्तादिन भन्दा बढी समयदेखि हाम्रा घरको फोहोर नि घरमा नै व्यवस्थापन गरिरहेको कुरा पनि मैले बल्ल थाहा पाएँ ।  यो सुनेर मैले यो सिसडोल र बन्चरेडाँडा भनेको के हो र काठमाडाैँको फोहोरसँग यसको के सम्बन्ध छ भन्ने कुरा मेरा बुबा आमालाई सोधेँ । उहाँहरूबाट थाहा भयो कि, विगतका केही वर्षदेखि काठमाडाैँको फोहोर नुवाकोटको सिसडोल र धादिङको बन्चरेडाँडामा फालिँदै आएको रहेछ तर त्यहाँ व्यवस्थित रूपले

फोहोर नफालेका कारण काठमाडाैँका सहरबाट निस्कने फोहोर फाल्न उनीहरूले नदिने भनि अवरोध गरिरहेका रहेछन् ।
हुन पनि हो फोेहोरले हाम्रो स्वास्थ्यमा मात्र हाेइन यसले पर्यावरणलाई नै नराम्रो असर पार्छ । यसले वातावरणमा भएक बोटबिरुवा, पानीका स्रोतहरू, हावा र  माटोमा नकारात्मक असर पार्छ र मानव जीवन लगायत जनावर, पंक्षी, जलचर सबैमा नराम्रो असर परिरहेको हुन्छ । मैले त कति ठाँउमा जनावरले यी फोहोरहरू खाएको पनि देखेको छु  जुन उनीहरूका लागि हानीकारक हो । यस्तो गम्भीर विषयमा हामी सहरबासीहरूले किन नबुझेर यसरी घरको फोहोर सडकमा र अन्य गाँउमा दुर्गन्धित बनाएका हौला ? समाचारमा सुनेअनुसार सिसडोलबासीमा छालाको रोग र क्यान्सर भएर धेरै जनाको मृत्यु भइसकेको छ रे । त्यँहाका पानीका मुल पनि फोहोर भएका छन् रे तर त्यहाँका गाईवस्तुले त्यही पानी खान बाध्य छन् रे ।

हामीले घरमा प्रयोग गरिने वस्तु र सामानहरूको उचित व्यवस्थापन  गर्न  नसक्दा यसरी हाम्रो वरिपरिको वातावरण फोहोर भइरहेको कुरा मेरी आमाले बताउँदा मलाइ लाग्यो कि, किन हामी घरेलु फोहोरमैलाको व्यवस्थापनमा यति उदासिन र अनुचित व्यवहार गरिरहेका छौँ  ? । हामीले गरेको यस्तो व्यवहारले त्यो फोहोरको नजिक बस्ने मानवहरूलाई कति धेरै शारीरिक र मानसिक   समस्या भएको होला ? भन्ने कुरा मेरो मनमा खेलिरहेको छ । यस्तो फोहोरको कारण मानिसहरूलाई झाडापखाला, ज्वरो, खोकी, टाउको दुख्ने, लगायत क्यान्सर र छालाको रोग नि लाग्ने कुरा हामीले विद्यालयमा पढेका थियौं । अझ यस्ताे फोहोरले फोहोर जम्मा गर्ने कामदार र कर्मचारी अनि सिसडोल र बन्चरेडाँडाबासीलाई कति जोखिम हुन्छ भन्ने कुरा किन कसैले नसोचेका होलान् ?

हामीले घरबाट निस्केकाे फोहोरको हामी आफैँले व्यवस्थापन गर्न सकिएला नि  । हामीले दैनिक प्रयोग गरिने प्लास्टिकजन्य वस्तुको न्यून वा शून्य प्रयोग गरी भान्साबाट निस्कने फोहोरलाई कम्पोष्ट (अर्गानिक मल) बनाएर कौसी खेती वा गमलामा फूल रोपेर प्रयोग गर्न सके धेरै फोहोरको व्यवस्थापन हुन्थ्यो । जुन मेरी आमाले गर्दै आएको मैले देखेको छु । घरमा प्रयोग गरिने कुराबाट निस्केको फोहोरलाई  कुहिने फोहोर, नकुहिने फोहोर, सिसा वा प्लास्टिक जुन पुनः प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ  भन्दै मेरो घरमा यसकाे अभ्यास गरेको म देख्छु । त्यस्ता फोहोरको फरक फरक पोका बनाएर फोहोर उठाउने गाडीमा पठाउन सके अझ फोहोरमा काम गर्ने कामदार र कर्मचारीलाई कम जोखिम हुने थियो होला । महानगरले पनि यसकाे लागि बेलैदेखि पहल गरेर मल बनाउने तालिम र पुनः प्रयोग गर्न सकिने सामानको कारखाना खोलेर रोजगार दिन सकेमा फाेहाेर व्यवस्थापनकै कारणबाट नेपालकाे आर्थिक अवस्था पनि सुदृढ हुने थियाे । फोहोर उठाउन आउने गाडी पनि फरक फरक दिन पारेर कुहिने फोहोर एक दिन र नकुहिने फोहोर अर्को दिन उठाउन आएर कामदार र कर्मचारीलाई न्याय पुग्थ्याे ।

यस बारेमा हाल काठमाडाैँमा निर्वाचित मेयर बालेन साहले दीर्घकालीन समाधानका लागि सिसडोलबासी, बन्चरेडाँडाबासी लगायत विभिन्न राजनीतिक दलका नेता र मन्त्रीहरूसँग बैठक गरिरहेको कुरा समाचारमा आइरहेको छ । यो सुन्दा मलाई साह्रै खुसी लागेको छ । यो कुरा हामी नगरबासीका लागि झनै खुसीको कुरा हो । त्यसैले यसका लागि हामी नगरबासीले मेयरको योजनामा हातेमालो गर्दै फोहोर व्यवस्थापनमा सहयोग गरी मेयरको “फोहोरबाट मोहोर” भन्ने नारालाई सार्थक बनाउन सहयोग गरौँ र स्वस्छ, सफा सहर निर्माणमा योगदान पुर्‍याऔँ ।


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Ihi
- Deeva Shrestha - 28016, Grade ... 06 July, 2022

Ihi is a ceremony of the Newar community in Nepal. Ihi is also named 'Bel Bibaha'. It is when pre-adolescent girls ‘marry’ the fruit bel, which is a wooden apple.  The fruit is considered as a witness for Lord Vishnu. 
In a Newari community, a girl has to marry three times in her life. The first marriage is Ihi, the second one is Gufa and the last one is a real marriage.  
The Ihi ceremony began centuries ago.  This ceremony was done so the girl would be pure and fertile. The other reason why Ihi is done is because in the old days, if a woman became a widow, she had to sacrifice herself to her husband. This process is called ‘Sati’. So, in order to not take part in the ‘Sati’ process, the Newar community started the tradition.
This ceremony is organised by priests. It is organised in temples and houses. This ceremony is performed by girls who are from the ages of 5 to 9. They are only allowed to perform the ceremony at their odd age, like 5, 7 and 9, before they reach puberty. During this ceremony, they cannot eat any food or drink with salt as a form of fasting.
Ihi is a ceremony of two days. The first day is called Dusala Kriya. On this day, the girls are dressed as brides. They wear bridal dresses like a saree, a blouse, a shawl and ornaments. They have to do many rituals to finish the ceremony. They have to be measured 108 times from head to toe with a yellow thread. That yellow thread is worn on the second day of Ihi. They are presented with 84 kinds of dishes, which are called  'Thai Bu'.
The second day is called Kanyadan. Kanyadan refers to ‘giving away the daughter’. Many rituals take place during this day. The girl is offered to Lord Vishnu by her father alongside her mother. Vermilion is put on the girl’s forehead. ThakaliNaki (Thakali’s wife) is responsible for putting the vermilion on the girl’s forehead. They are given new things and their relatives offer a handful of rice three times. Then the ceremony ended.
Ihi is one of the most important ceremonies in the Newar community. It is believed that it can fight evil and bring peace. This tradition started a long time ago and it is still going on. We should never forget this tradition.


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Peer Influence
- Prasun Basnet - 27028, Grade ... 05 July, 2022

A peer is a social or a primary group of people who have similar interest, age, background or social status. These groups are likely to influence the person’s beliefs and behaviours. This happens usually in adolescence/ teenager period. Peers spend most of their time with their friends rather than with their parents.

These peers influence directly and indirectly on an individual, which forces them to change their behaviour and attitude. This influence starts at an early stage of teenage and increases throughout their teenage years. An individual needs to have an honest and healthy relationship with their friends and motivate her or himself to be a successful adult.

There are many positive outcomes having peers to develop new skills, engage in extra-curricular activities as well as in studies. Peers help to boost the confidence of a person. A healthy peer enjoys spending more time with friends, choosing the same clothes, hairstyle, jewellery, listening to the same music, watching the same TV shows, using the same words to talk etc.

But peers can also have negative influences which might encourage each other to cheat, steal, use drugs and alcohol, or even involve in criminal activities, aggression and other anti-social behaviour which might ruin his/her whole life.

In conclusion, peer influence has been found to have both positive and negative impact among teenagers. Hence, for the positive peer influences a child should be motivated to enhance his/her skill. In instance for negative peer influences they should be observed in single work, they should be encouraged to spend more time with good friends, and engage most of the time in extra-curricular activities. Therefore, both parents and teachers have an important role to play in ensuring that teenagers are doing good or bad things as well as spending more time communicating with children. 


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वन संरक्षण
- Deeva Shrestha - 28016, Grade ... 05 July, 2022

(सीता आमाबुबालाई भेट्न गाउँ जाँदै छिन्। जङ्गल पार गर्दा आफ्नो साथी रामले रुख काटिरहेको देख्छिन् । त्यसपछि उनीहरूको कुराकानी सुरु हुन्छ)

सीता : ओहो! साथी, धेरै भयो नदेखेको ? तिमीलाई कस्तो भइरहेको छ ?

राम: म राम्रो गरिरहेको छु, मैले त जागिर पाएँ नि । तिम्रो के छ ? तिमी कहाँ जाँदैछौ ? तिम्रो घर जाने बाटो त होइन ?

 सीता: म आमाबुबालाई भेट्न जाँदै छु। तिमीले रुख किन काट्दै छौ ?

राम: मैले सिकर्मीको काम पाएँ ।  त्यसैले रुख काट्दै छु।

सीता: साँच्चै यो तिम्रो लागि राम्रो छ, तर कति पटक रुख काट्छौ ?

राम: हप्तामा तीन पटक काट्छु, किन ? 

सीता: त्यो वातावरणको लागि साँच्चै हानिकारक छ,  याे कुरा तिमीलार्इ थाहा थिएन ?

राम:  किन हानिकारक नि ? रुख नै नकाटे यसकाे के काम ? 

सीता : मानिसले रुख काट्दा, बासस्थान गुम्दा धेरै प्रजातिका जनावरहरू बिस्तारै लोप हुँदै गएका छन् । जङ्गल धेरै जङ्गली जनावरहरूको लागि घर हो, यदि हामीले रूखहरूलाई काट्यौँ भने, तिनीहरूले आश्रय पाउँदैनन् नि ।

राम: त्यसो भए, हामीले रुख काट्यौँ भने एक दिन हामी पनि लोप हुने छौँ ?

सीता : हो रुख काट्दा पनि वायुमण्डलमा पानीको मात्रा घटेको छ । यसले माटोलाई सुक्खा बनाउँछ र हामी कुनै पनि बाली उब्जाउन सक्दैनौँ ।

राम: माटो सुख्खा भयो भने माटोको क्षय हुन्छ, होइन र ?

सीता: यसले बाढी पनि ल्याउँछ,  जसले हाम्रो घरहरू बगाउन सक्छ र हाम्रो कुनै बास हुने छैन ।

राम : अब बुझेँ । यो वातावरणको लागि धेरै हानिकारक छ । तर हामीले यसलाई रोक्न के गर्न सक्छौँ?

सीता:  यसलाई रोक्न धेरै उपाय छन् । म तिमीलाई तीमध्ये केही भन्छु । रुख काट्न बन्द गर्नुपर्छ । हामीले रुख काट्यौँ भने पनि नयाँ रोप्नुपर्छ । हामीले घटाउनुपर्छ, पुन: प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ। प्लाष्टिकको प्रयोग घटाउनुपर्छ । बरू कपडा वा स्टिल प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ । हामीले पुन: प्रयोग गर्न सकिने सबै चीजहरू पुन: प्रयोग गर्ने प्रयास गर्नुपर्छ। हामीले उद्योगहरूलाई फोहोर सामग्री दिन सक्छौँ ताकि तिनीहरूले यसलाई अरू केही बनाउन सक्छन्। वन फँडानी सम्बन्धी जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्नुपर्छ ।

राम: जानकारीको लागि धन्यवाद। म यी सबै रणनीतिहरू सिक्नेछु र नयाँ काम खोज्ने प्रयास गर्नेछु । त्यसो भए, म तिमीलाई अर्को हप्ता भेट्नेछु। 

सीता :  मलाई आशा छ कि म अर्को पटक यहाँ आउँदा प्रगति देख्ने छु ।

(तिनीहरू दुई अलग हुन्छन् । सीताले आफ्नो गाउँको यात्रा जारी राख्छिन् ।)


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